Standard ACE DBnb` Ugr@?~1y0̝cßFNf7[ٜ(+`R {6߱qiC232y[(|*|̿f_Љ$g'DeFx -bT4.0/dv< Y) S )) Y   Y Y  Y Y  Y  Y  Y   Y  Y  Y  Y   Y 2Y  Y   Y   Y ConnectDatabaseDateCreateDateUpdate FlagsForeignNameIdLvLvExtraLvModule LvPropName OwnerParentIdRmtInfoLongRmtInfoShortType    YYIdParentIdName        OY|@~kS  )Y Y Y  Y 2XACMFInheritableObjectIdSIDp S` YObjectId Y S  Y  Y Y Y  Y  Y Y  Y AttributeExpressionFlagLvExtra Name1 Name2ObjectId Order4 Y"ObjectIdAttribute   -YS  Y Y Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y ccolumn grbiticolumnszColumnszObject$szReferencedColumn$szReferencedObjectszRelationship Lne ni YYYszObject$szReferencedObjectszRelationship v1b N  : k & @@0   @@ @@ @   QqQbmkiQSkJO`YbOJmJJMMQkkfJUQkOJmJLJkQkSdi`k`dOo^QkiQ^JmYdbkWYfkiQfdimkkMiYfmkkvkiQ^mJL^Qk+kh+SQqQbmk+kh+SiQSkQqQbmkS+QFBL>OQLL@S?@&'(  !"#v1c  @  ) ) )  ) ) ) ) ) )v1@@@ iQSQiQbMQkQqQbmk QqQbmkiQSQiQbMQkB(d _ Z  G q  0 =X?Ye8f``9@@ReferencesR56BBB66666664 @x7@x7@ MSysNavPaneObjectIDsR5JJJJJJJJJJH *w7@*w7@ MSysNavPaneGroupToObjectsR5TTTTTTTTTTR *w7@*w7@ MSysNavPaneGroupsR5DDDDDDDDDDB *w7@*w7@ MSysNavPaneGroupCategoriesR5VVVVVVVVVVT S9@S9@MSysAccessXMLR5<<<<<<<<<<: aw7@w7@ MSysAccessStorageR5DDDDDDDDDDB \%7@.W@ f_3DAA6AD4E86B4DEBB5F36E3E03E27EDE_ReportR5@tttttttr @*w7@.W@EventsR5!6:::......., @ ~㓌@~㓌@~sq_fRefsR5?4MR2KeepLocal T@4444442 ` Eo@Eo@~sq_fEventsR5zm4MR2KeepLocal TD8888886 `  Fn@Fn@AdminR5@8,,,,,,,,,*   @ @RefsR5@666*******( @Q`@Q`@EventsR5R@:::......., @ w7@w7@UserDefinedR5@DDD88888886 @ w7@w7@SummaryInfoR5@DDD88888886 @*w7@*w7@SysRelR5.........., *w7@*w7@ScriptsR50000000000. *w7@*w7@ReportsR50000000000. *w7@*w7@ModulesR50000000000. *w7@*w7@FormsR5,,,,,,,,,,* *w7@*w7@DataAccessPagesR5@@@@@@@@@@> '\w7@\w7@MSysComplexType_AttachmentTTTTTTTTTTT %\w7@\w7@MSysComplexType_TextHHHHHHHHHHH #\w7@\w7@MSysComplexType_DecimalNNNNNNNNNNN !\w7@\w7@MSysComplexType_GUIDHHHHHHHHHHH \w7@\w7@MSysComplexType_IEEEDoubleTTTTTTTTTTT \w7@\w7@MSysComplexType_IEEESingleTTTTTTTTTTT \w7@\w7@MSysComplexType_LongHHHHHHHHHHH \w7@\w7@MSysComplexType_ShortJJJJJJJJJJJ \w7@\w7@MSysComplexType_UnsignedByteXXXXXXXXXXX \w7@\w7@MSysComplexColumnsDDDDDDDDDDD \w7@\w7@MSysRelationshipsS7DDDDDDDDDDB \w7@\w7@MSysQueriesS788888888886 \w7@\w7@MSysACEsS722222222220 \w7@\w7@MSysObjectsS788888888886 \w7@QU?@MSysDbR55@L:::......., @\w7@\w7@RelationshipsS7<<<<<<<<<<: \w7@\w7@DatabasesS744444444442 \w7@\w7@TablesS7.........., D YN Y Y  Y Y Y ColumnNameComplexID&ComplexTypeObjectID"ConceptualTableIDFlatTableID , ,,  , ,,  , ,, YYY(IdxConceptualTableIDIdxFlatTableID IdxIDv1@ *\fYWP3NY  ValuedvfYWP3NY  ValuedvfYWP3NY  ValuedvfYWP3NY  ValuedvfYWP3N  Y  ValuedvfYWP3N""Y  ValuedvfYWP3N$$YP3 ValuedvfYWP3N&& Y P3 ValuedvaYN(( Y  Y  Y Y  Y  Y FileDataFileFlagsFileNameFileTimeStampFileTypeFileURL((((Hv1b |^@" References%%%    G    G  G Events    G    G !Y N ++Y Y Y  Y  Y  Y  Y  Y   Y  Y   Y   Y   d Y  Y Y   Y   KeyDateExact date?:General area of public health@Specific area of public health 1@Specific area of public health 2@Specific area of public health 3&Public Health Tools Event(Historical figure(s).Historical significanceReference(s)Page(s)Location ReportStudent name  +Z  +[ YYPrimaryKeyNReport_1E253A561A514EEE9B32672B69271E07++ ++ v1b < XUk@TzLVAL,Hands Across America was a benefit event and publicity campaign staged on Sunday May 25, 1986 in which approximately seven million people held hands in a human chain for fifteen minutes along a path across the continental United States. Participants paid ten dollars to reserve their place in line; the proceeds were donated to local charities to fight hunger and homelessness and help those in poverty. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_Across_AmericaThe AMA labeled chiropractic an "unscientific cult" in 1966, and until 1980 held that it was unethical for medical doctors to associate with "unscientific practitioners". This culminated in a landmark 1987 decision, Wilk v. AMA, in which the court found that the AMA had engaged in unreasonable restraint of trade and conspiracy, and which ended the AMA's de facto boycott of chiropractic. Serious research to test chiropractic theories did not begin until the 1970s, and is continuing to be hampered by what are characterized as antiscientific and pseudoscientific ideas that sustained the profession in its long battle with organized medicine. By the mid 1990s there was a growing scholarly interest in chiropractic, which helped efforts to improve service quality and establish clinical guidelines that recommended manual therapies for acute low back pain. In recent decades chiropractic gained legitimacy and greater acceptance by medical physicians and health plans, and enjoyed a strong political base and sustained demand for services. However, its future seemed uncertain: as the number of practitioners grew, evidence-based medicine insisted on treatments with demonstrated value, managed care restricted payment, and competition grew from massage therapists and other health professions. The profession responded by marketing natural products and devices more aggressively, and by reaching deeper into alternative medicine and primary care. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractic#HistoryLVALTj T ^  ^n 8f`:>William A. McNeill "Plagues and Peoples", published.Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976.US bicentennial celebrated this year.US government bans PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) with an effective starting date in 1978.Earthquake in Hopeh Provence China takes 650,000 lives.Faith healer evangelist Oral Roberts starts construction of hospital and medical research center. These are part of the Oral Roberts University.Discovery of Upsilon particle in Physics.Cholera epidemic in the Middle East.122 million cases of malaria reported.Gluon particle discovered (Physics).Establishment of the "Society for Clinical Trials", Incorporated 1980Beginning discussions of threats of acid rain.US government researchers call for change in US diet to reduce cancer.A genetic flaw linked to kidney cancer.Switzerland successful transplant of cell nucleus to create embryo: cloning or duplication of organism by asexual means.California researchers report producing Human Growth Hormone in lab, using recombinant DNA techniques. First success with a medically useful substance from technique.First issue of journal "Controlled Clinical Trials".US Supreme Court rules (in Diamond vs. Chakrabarty) that new forms of life resulting from research can be patented.Mount St Helens in Washington erupts several times.Vaccine for Hepatitis B developed.Lung cancer on rise in American women.US Government report shows no therapeutic benefit to Laetrile in cancer therapy.Computer assisted walking of paralyzed person (Nan Davis) by electronic stimulation of leg muscles.First transplant of an artificial heart. (Jarvik heart) University of Utah to Barney Clark.Argentina forces on Falkland Islands surrender.Videocassette recorders are the fastest selling electrical appliance."Hands across America" raise money to feed poor.AMA publishes statement (signed by court) saying that it does not oppose chiropractic.(*g i  o ^ = 4!\M66[r@Policy and PoliticsPreventionJ@-74285USAMMHC???3333' y@Historical LandmarkVideo games become a new fad.62442USA``[VRRR''''' y@J@Historical LandmarkJ@-62442USAAA<7333''''' y@@Policy and PoliticsPreventionChronic Disease@-62440USA^^YTPPPDDD3' ;y@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsNatural Disastern@-62440China\\UPLLL@@@@. yx@Public Health InfrastructureAccess to Care @-Oral Roberts84222USAhhc^ZZL@@@@0 {@y@Historical LandmarkR@-Leon Lederman, Discover, April 8744WorldaaZV333''''' yw@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseEpidemicQuarantineH@-62446Middle EastzzmhdddXXLB. {yw@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseEpidemicQuarantineL@-62446USArrmhdddXXLB. {yc@Historical LandmarkH@-@9"Discover" April 198744WorldaaZV?33''''' }@/@Policy and Politics@-634USA>>97333''''' y/@Environmental Health\@-62456USABB=8444((((( y.@Academic AdvanceChronic DiseasePreventionPrevention@-62456USAggb]YYYMAA5$ y.@Academic AdvanceTechnological AdvanceChronic DiseaseN@-62456USAffa\XXXLLL;$ ;y@.@Medical Care InnovationsTechnological Advance@ -62456SwitzerlandeeXSOOOCCCC, y.@Medical Care InnovationsTechnological AdvanceAgingL@ -@962455-6USArrmfbVVJJJC, ;}@@Academic Advanceh@ -634USA;;64000$$$$$ y @ Policy and PoliticsTechnological Advance@ - Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, Sidney A. Diamond @862468USAxJ>>>>'  @ Historical LandmarkNatural Disasterf@ -6 662465USA__ZUQEE9999' } @ Epidemiology/BiostatisticsVaccinationInfectious DiseaseChronic DiseaseD@-6 @562465USA|xll``O;. {} @@ Epidemiology/BiostatisticsChronic DiseaseL@-62465USAYYTOKKK????. y @@ Epidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological AdvanceChronic Disease@-@462488USA||wrnbbVVVE. ;}@Medical Care InnovationsTechnological AdvanceChronic Disease@-Nan Davis@362487-488USA{wk`TTTC, ?@Medical Care InnovationsTechnological AdvanceChronic Disease@-Barney Clark; Robert Jarvik; William DeVries0 @362487USA`TTTC, ?m@Policy and Politics"Equal Rights Amendment defeated.>@262482USAoojeaUU''''' }i@Historical LandmarkNatural Disaster^@-0662480South AmericaiiZUQEE9999' }f@Historical LandmarkNatural DisasterIsrael invades Lebanon. @/62480Middle Eastsnj^^9999' }@Historical LandmarkTechnological Advance@-73WorldUUNNJJJ>>>>' i@@Historical Landmark`@-@,73USAHHCC?33''''' mc@Policy and PoliticsAccess to Care@-American Medical Association @,84182USA{{vqmaC7777' nLVAL~The territory of what would become the states of Israel and Lebanon were once both part of the long-lived Ottoman empire (1299 1924) until its defeat in World War I. As a result of Sinai and Palestine Campaign in 1917, the British occupied Palestine and parts of what would become Syria. French troops took Damascus in 1918. The League of Nations officially gave the French the Mandate of Syria and the British the Mandate of Palestine after the 1920 San Remo conference, in accordance with the 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement. The largely Christian enclave of the French Mandate became the French controlled Lebanese Republic in 1926. Lebanon became independent in 1943 as France was under German occupation, though French troops did not completely withdraw until 1946. The rise of anti-Semitism in Europe, culminating in the Holocaust during World War II, had meant an increase of Jewish immigrants to a minority Jewish, majority Muslim Palestinian Mandate. During the Great Arab Revolt of 1936 1939, and thereafter, the British increasingly came to rely on Jewish police forces to help maintain order. Eventually, the resultant rise in ethnic tensions and violence between the Arabs and Jews due to Jewish immigration and collaboration would force the British to withdraw in 1947. (The area of their Mandate east of the Jordan river had already become the independent state of Jordan in 1946.) The United Nations General Assembly developed a gerrymandered 1947 UN Partition Plan, to attempt to give both Arabs and Jews their own states from the remains of the British Mandate; however, the situation quickly devolved into a full-fledged civil war. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli Lebanese_conflict#BackgroundLVAL61The Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlntico Sur), also called the Falklands Conflict/Crisis, was fought in 1982 between Argentina and the United Kingdom (UK) over the disputed Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The Falkland Islands consist of two large and many small islands in the South Atlantic Ocean east of Argentina; their name and sovereignty over them have long been disputed. The Falklands War started on Friday, 2 April 1982 with the Argentine invasion and occupation of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia, and ended with the Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982. The war lasted 74 days, with 255 British and 649 Argentine soldiers, sailors, and airmen, and three civilian Falklanders killed. The conflict was the result of a protracted diplomatic confrontation regarding the sovereignty of the islands. Neither state officially declared war and the fighting was largely limited to the territories under dispute and the South Atlantic. The initial invasion was characterized by Argentina as the re-occupation of its own territory, and by the UK as an invasion of a British overseas territory. Britain launched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Argentine Air Force, and retake the islands by amphibious assault. The British eventually prevailed and at the end of combat operations on 14 June the islands remained under British control. However, as of 2009 and as it has since the 19th century, Argentina shows no sign of relinquishing its claim. The claim remains in the Argentine constitution after its reformation in 1994. The political effects of the war were strong in both countries. A wave of patriotic sentiment swept through both: the Argentine loss prompted even larger protests against the military government, which hastened its downfall; in the United Kingdom, the government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was bolstered. It helped Thatcher's government to victory in the 1983 general election, which prior to the war LVAL was seen as by no means certain. The war has played an important role in the culture of both countries, and has been the subject of several books, films, and songs. The cultural and political weight of the conflict has had less effect on the British public than on that of Argentina, where the war is still a topic of discussion. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War LVAL The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution which was intended to guarantee that equal rights under any federal, state, or local law could not be denied on account of sex. The ERA failed to gain ratification before its deadline and although it has been reintroduced in every Congress since 1982, public attention to it has greatly diminished. Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_AmendmentLVALCBS Evening News for Thursday, Nov 11, 1982 Headline: Paralysis and Computerized Walking Abstract: (Studio) Sunday's "60 Minutes" recalled examining efforts to enable those paralyzed to walk with aid of computer. REPORTER: Dan Rather (Dayton, Ohio) 1st computer-assisted walk by paraplegic, Nan Davis, examined; films shown. [DAVIS - notes related reaction.] [Dr. Jerrold PETROFSKY - hopes Davis will walk soon.] REPORTER: Meredith Vieira Source: http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=280992In 1949, a precursor to the modern artificial heart pump was built by Dres. William Sewell and William Glenn of the Yale School of Medicine using an Erector Set, assorted odds and ends, and dime store toys. The external pump successfully bypassed the heart of a dog for more than an hour. On Dec. 12, 1957, Dr. Willem Kolff, the world s most prolific inventor of artificial organs, implanted an artificial heart into a dog at Cleveland Clinic. The dog lived for 90 minutes. Over the years, more than 200 physicians, engineers, students and faculty developed, tested and improved Dr. Kolff s artificial heart. To help manage his many endeavors, Dr. Kolff assigned project managers. Each project was named after its manager. Graduate student Robert Jarvik was the project manager for the artificial heart, which was subsequently renamed the Jarvik 7. In 1981, Dr. William DeVries submitted a request to the FDA to implant the Jarvik 7 into a human being. On Dec. 2, 1982, Dr. Kolff s 35 years of dedication culminated in the first implant of the Jarvik 7 artificial heart into Dr. Barney Clark. Clark was hours from death prior to the surgery. He lived for 112 days with the artificial heart. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Clark#First_clinical_implantation_of_a_total_artificial_heart@ LVALP Laetrile is a compound that has been used as an anticancer treatment in humans worldwide. It is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment for cancer or any other medical condition. The term  laetrile comes from 2 words (laevorotatory and mandelonitrile) and is used to describe a purified form of the chemical amygdalin. Amygdalin is a plant compound that contains sugar and produces cyanide. Cyanide is believed to be the active cancer-killing ingredient in laetrile. Amygdalin is found in the pits of many fruits and in raw nuts. It is also found in other plants such as lima beans, clover, and sorghum. Source: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/laetrile/patient/allpages#Section_20LVALHepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine developed for the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. The vaccine contains one of the viral envelope proteins, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). A course of three (3) vaccine injections are given with the second injection at least one month after the first dose and the third injection given six months after the first dose. Afterward an immune system antibody to HBsAg is established in the bloodstream. The antibody is known as anti-HBsAg. This antibody and immune system memory then provide immunity to hepatitis B infection. The first vaccine became available in 1981. Although initially it was thought that the hepatitis B vaccine did not provide indefinite protection, this is no longer considered the case. Previous reports had suggested vaccination would provide effective cover of between five and seven years, but subsequently it has been appreciated that long-term immunity derives from immunological memory which outlasts the loss of antibody levels and hence subsequent testing and administration of booster doses is not required in successfully vaccinated immunocompetent individuals. Hence with the passage of time and longer experience, protection has been shown for at least 25 years in those who showed an adequate initial response to the primary course of vaccinations, and UK guidelines now suggest that for initial responders who require ongoing protection, such as for healthcare workers, only a single booster is advocated at 5 years. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccineLVAL 67The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, a stratovolcano located in Washington state, in the United States, was a major volcanic eruption. The eruption, which was a (VEI = 5) event, was the only significant one to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the 1915 eruption of California's Lassen Peak. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens' north slope. An earthquake at 8:32:17 a.m. on May 18, 1980 caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam-rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock toward Spirit Lake so quickly that it overtook the avalanching north face. A volcanic ash column rose 80,000 feet (24,400 m) into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states. At the same time, snow, ice, and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted, forming a series of large lahars (volcanic mudslides) that reached as far as the Columbia River, nearly fifty miles (eighty kilometers) to the south. Less severe outbursts continued into the next day only to be followed by other large but not as destructive eruptions later in 1980. In all, Mt. St. Helens released 24 megatons of thermal energy, 7 of which as a direct result of the blast. This is equivalent to 1,600 times the size of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The May 18, 1980, event was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed and 200 homes, 27 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways and 185 miles (300 km) of highway were destroyed. U.S. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage and said it looked more desolate than a moonscape. A film crew was dropped by helicopter on St. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction. Their compasses, h$LVAL4owever, spun in circles and they quickly became lost. A second eruption occurred the next day, but the crew survived and were rescued two days after that. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._HelensLVAL Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980), was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with whether genetically modified micro-organisms can be patented. Genetic engineer Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, working for General Electric, had developed a bacterium (derived from the Pseudomonas genus) capable of breaking down crude oil, which he proposed to use in treating oil spills. He requested a patent for the bacterium in the United States but was turned down by a patent examiner, because the law dictated that living things were not patentable. The Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences agreed with the original decision; however, the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals overturned the case in Chakrabarty's favor, writing that "the fact that micro-organisms are alive is without legal significance for purposes of the patent law." Sidney A. Diamond, Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court case was argued on March 17, 1980 and decided on June 16, 1980. In a 5 4 ruling, the court ruled in favor of Chakrabarty, and upheld the patent, holding that: - A live, human-made micro-organism is patentable subject matter under [Title 35 U.S.C.] 101. Respondent's micro-organism constitutes a "manufacture" or "composition of matter" within that statute. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_v._ChakrabartyfLVALRzhttp://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1820a-01.pdf http://bill.ballpaul.net/iaph/main.php?g2_itemId=411 (Map of the distribution of US population in 1820)Gluons (glue and the suffix -on) are elementary expressions of quark interaction, and are indirectly involved with the binding of protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei. In technical terms, they are vector gauge bosons that mediate strong color charge interactions of quarks in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Unlike the electric charge neutral photon of quantum electrodynamics (QED), gluons themselves carry color charge and therefore participate in the strong interaction in addition to mediating it. The gluon has the ability to do this as it carries the color charge and so interacts with itself, making QCD significantly harder to analyze than QED. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GluonHuman Growth Hormone (hGH) stimulates growth and cell reproduction. It is used clinically to treat children's growth disorders and adult growth hormone deficiency. In recent years, replacement therapies with human growth hormones (HGH) have become popular in the battle against aging. At this time HGH is still considered a very complex hormone and many of its functions are still unknown. The identification, purification and later synthesis of growth hormone is associated with Choh Hao Li. Genentech pioneered the first use of recombinant human growth hormone for human therapy in 1981. As of 2005, recombinant growth hormones available in the United States (and their manufacturers) included Nutropin (Genentech), Humatrope (Lilly), Genotropin (Pfizer), Norditropin (Novo), and Saizen (Merck Serono). In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Association (FDA) approved a version of rhGH called Omnitrope (Sandoz). Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Growth_Hormone#History* , O y { u  [PCM$Zh=h@=Policy and PoliticsB@<49484WorldCC<7333''''' y<{@<Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseTechnological Advance@<82251USAssnieeeYYYB. ;y;z@;Policy and PoliticsAccess to Care@<Harry S Truman48USA\\WWSSC7777' k:@C@:Epidemiology/BiostatisticsReproductive HealthTechnological AdvancePopulation Control@<Gregory Pincus, John Rock62338USAznnZC. {{9@9Epidemiology/BiostatisticsNatural DisasterTechnological Advance@<62338USAqqlgcccWWW@. ;y8g@8Medical Care InnovationsChronic DiseaseTechnological AdvanceX@;62357Englandrrid```TTT=, ;y7@g@7Epidemiology/BiostatisticsChronic DiseasePreventionVaccination@;Albert Sabin62357{{{vrrdXXK?. {[6g@6Policy and PoliticsAccess to Care@;48USALLGGCCC7777' i5y@5Medical Care InnovationsChronic DiseaseTechnological Advance@;75125USAnnid```TTT=, ;y4y@4Medical Care InnovationsInfectious DiseasePreventionVaccinationt@;62374USAssnieeeYYL@, {y3/@3Policy and PoliticsChronic DiseasePreventionn@;74218USA^^YTPPPDDD8' ;y2@2Public Health Infrastructurel@;Kaiser Permanente65189USA]]XSOO<00000 {1@@1Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseasePrevention@;Lewis Pauling62413rrrmiiZNNNB. ;[0S@0Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseasePreventionTechnological Advanceb@;82316BrazilzuqqqeeNB. {y/@/Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseQuarantine^@;82350MexicouumhdddXXL8. {y.@g@.Policy and PoliticsAccess to Care@;84166, 176USAVVQGCCC7777' y-g@-Policy and PoliticsAccess to Care@ ;84152-153USAUUPGCCC7777' y,f@,Medical Care Innovations@ ;7839USAEE@<888,,,,, y+f@+Medical Care InnovationsChronic DiseaseReproductive HealthTechnological Advance@ ;Betty Ford, Happy Rockefeller74232USAuiiR=, {{*@f@*Policy and PoliticsPreventionD@ ;62434HHHC???3333' Y)f@)Medical Care InnovationsTechnological AdvanceN@ ;62434World__XSOOOCCCC, y(e@(Epidemiology/BiostatisticsChronic DiseaseR@;62434World[[TOKKK????. y'e@'Academic AdvanceTechnological AdvanceN@;Monsanto, Harvard6056USAggb^ZZG;;;;$ {&@&Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious Diseasep@;82316World^^WRNNNBBBB. y%@%Historical Landmarkv@;73USA<<77333''''' i$@@$Historical Landmark@;62438WorldCC<7333''''' y#@#Epidemiology/BiostatisticsPopulation ControlD@;62438World^^WRNNNBBBB. y"@"Academic AdvanceL@;E.O. Wilson62438USAKKFA==0$$$$$ {!@c@!Policy and PoliticsAccess to CareR@;AMA84179-181USAZZULHHC7777' { @@ Academic AdvanceTechnological Advance@;Morgan, Ruscetti, Gallo83154USAnnid``G;;;;$ {@Academic Advanceh@-William A. McNeillUSAIIDDDD0$$$$$ cLVALp  p " 8 R,4h0Surgeons in England develop Heart Pacemaker.Albert Sabin reveals that he has developed a live virus vaccine against polio. This vaccine can be taken orally.The annual conference of governors recommends medical insurance for the elderly under Social Security.Tranquilizer Valium introduced to the market by Roche LaboratoriesFirst Live Measles Virus Vaccine made publically availableFederal Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act of 1965Kaiser Permanente has a total membership of 1,461,431.Lewis Pauling suggests massive doses of Vitamin C prevent common cold.Last Case of Smallpox in the Americas, in Brazil.Typhoid Epidemic in Mexico. Thousands of Cases.Louisiana licenses chiropractic. This is the last state to license them.California State Supreme court overturned section of DO-MD merges legislation which barred new osteopathic licenses in California. With this rule osteopathy ends ill discriminating practice legislation throughout the country.76% of all active nurses (RN) held diplomas from hospital nursing schools.Betty Ford and Happy Rockefeller undergo well publicized surgery for breast cancer.US safe drinking water act passed.Announcement of CT Scanners (see 1972).Report that vinyl chloride causes cancer.Long term (12 years) contract between Monsanto and Harvard Medical School is crafted. This is the first of a series of large university - industry research agreements.Last known case of variola major (smallpox) is reported.A record 10,000,000 American college students are recorded.This year witnesses a worldwide observation of "international Women's Year".World Population passes 4 billion.E. O. Wilson publishes "Sociobiology".Five chiropractors file antitrust suit in Illinois, seeking injunctive relief against AMA, AHA, ACS, JCAH and other medical organizations. New trial is ordered for 1984.Morgan, Ruscetti and Gallo discover T-cell growth factor: Interleukin 2.LVALx$ D T   ^d\BThe AMA adopts a resolution that cotraception is a legitimate medical service.Harold Cox grows typhus microbes in chick embryos leading to development of effective vaccine available for World War II.Food Drug and Cosmetic Act is issued.Mass vaccination program against yellow fever is started in the French West Africa.The Department of Agriculture starts giving food to low income people: this is called the Food Stamp Plan.Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener discover Rh factor in blood.US Life Expectancy is of 64 years.US Infant Mortality Rate is of 47.0/100, 000. The maternal mortality rate is of 376.0/100,000.US Population reaches 131, 669, 275.American Diabetes Association founded.Germany and Italy declare war on the US.Association of Schools of Public Health formed.The American Birth Control League becomes the Planned Parenthood Federation of AmericaGeorge Papanicolaou publishes "Diagnosis of Uternie Cancer by the Vaginal Smear"First eye bank established in New York City.Yalta Conference. War dead estimated at 35 million plus 10 million dead in Nazi concentration camps.Fluoridation of water introduced in the USAPromulgation of Nurenberg Code for Human ExperimentationNational Institute of Mental Health formed.First version of Benjamin Spock's "Baby and Child Care"British researchers in Nigeria find dapsone an effective oral treatment for leprosy.Robert Wagner and James Murry introduce comprehensive health insurance bill. (S1320)Senator Robert Taft introduces bill to provide medical care for indigent (S545).World Health Organization foundedIt is shown that Penicillin can cause allergic reactions, including fatalities.President Truman again sends message to Congress calling for national health insurance.First clinical test of Oral Contraceptive developed by Gregory Pincus and John RockFirst airplane accident involving over 100 deaths occurs in Arizona.* NG O s x  RbrVe]@]Epidemiology/BiostatisticsPreventionL@>7USAMMHHFFF::::. i\o@\Policy and PoliticsAccess to Care @>Franklin D. Roosevelt62191USAhhc^ZZC7777' {[f@[Epidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological AdvanceInfectious DiseaseReproductive Healthz@>32297~zzznnYE. {YZf@ZEpidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological AdvanceVaccinationPreventionb@>82363sssnjjj^^RE. {YY@YPolicy and PoliticsReproductive HealthPopulation Control@<80324USAjje`\\\PPP<' ;yX@XAcademic AdvanceTechnological AdvanceVaccinationPrevention@<Harold Cox44pppnll`TTH;$ {[W@WPolicy and PoliticsJ@<1, 35246, 13USAHHC:333''''' yV@VEpidemiology/BiostatisticsVaccinationInfectious DiseasePrevention@<82363Africaxxpkggg[[O;. {yUL@UHistorical LandmarkHitler invades Poland.62210World[[TOKKK''''' yT@TPolicy and Politics@<26499USAAA<7333''''' yS@SAcademic Advance@<Karl Landsteiner, Alexander Wiener62230]]]XTT0$$$$$ [R@REpidemiology/BiostatisticsPopulation ControlD@<36USAWWRRNNNBBBB. iQ@QEpidemiology/BiostatisticsPopulation Control@<2577USA[[VRNNNBBBB. yP@PEpidemiology/BiostatisticsPopulation ControlH@<256USAYYTRNNNBBBB. yO@OPolicy and PoliticsL@<8, 50491, 339USAIID:333''''' yN@NHistorical LandmarkP@<62245WorldCC<7333''''' yM@MHistorical LandmarkNatural DisasterPearl Harbor attack.3648USAhhc_[[[9999' yL@@LAcademic Advance^@<26678884000$$$$$ YK@KPolicy and PoliticsReproductive HealthPopulation ControlAccess to Care@<80323uuuplll``P<' {YJ@JMedical Care InnovationsReproductive HealthPrevention@<George Papanicolaou62263wwwrnnYMMMA, ;[Id@IPublic Health InfrastructurePreventionX@ <62273USAVVQLHHH<<<<0 yH@HHistorical LandmarkNatural Disaster@ <36WorldPPIIEEE9999' iGD@GHistorical LandmarkNatural Disaster Nagasaki36WorldZZSSOOO9999' iFC@FHistorical LandmarkNatural Disaster Hiroshima36World[[TTPPP9999' iE @EEpidemiology/BiostatisticsPreventionTechnological AdvanceV@ <4USAdd__]]]QQQ:. ;iDi@DPolicy and Politicsp@ <6349997333''''' YCi@CPolicy and PoliticsAccess to CareMental HealthV@ <1, 15154, 11USAggbYRRRFFF7' ;yBh@BHealth Behaviorn@<Benjamin Spock4USAFFAA??/##### kA@AEpidemiology/BiostatisticsChronic DiseaseTechnological Advance@<62p3 onNigeriavvmfbbbVVV?. ;y@@@@Policy and PoliticsAccess to Care@<Robert Wagner, James Murry41116USAmmhc__C7777' {?@?Policy and PoliticsAccess to Care@<Robert Taft41116USA^^YTPPC7777' {>@@>Policy and PoliticsAccess to CarePopulation ControlReproductive HealthJapan legalizes abortions821Japan``K7' {yJLVAL$ V ~  N Rf0hxHospital Fire in Cleveland at the Cleveland Clinic kills 124. Many deaths are attributed to chemical fumes from burning X-Ray machines.Michael Davis publishes "Hospital Administration. A career."Insulin shock therapy is employed for schizophrenia.EEG Machine is developed in Germany by Hans Berger.Samuel Levine first links high blood pressure to fatal heart disease.Estimated 20, 000 cases of pellagra in Georgia alone.Founding of the American Academy of Pediatrics.The PHS Hygienic Laboratory is redesignated as the National Institues of Health.Founding of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. Founding of the American Society of Anestheologists.Duke University Medical School opens. 3000 applicants compete for 68 places.Sulfanilamide is developed and "begins the modern era of pahrmaceuticals".Repeal of prohibition in US 21st ammendment.Advisory Boards of Medical Specialties are formed. (AMA, AHA, 4 Specialty boards, AAMC, National Board of Medical Examiners and Federation of State Medican Boards.)Founding of American College of Hospital Administrators. It comprises 108 charter members.The Blue Cross symbol is first used for nonprofit hospital plans.University of Chicago starts first graduate degree program in hospital administration (Michael Davis).USPHS Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky is dedicated and opened.First blood bank is established at the Mayo Clinic.Social Security Act PL 74-271 is issued. It is signed by Roosevelt and health insurance is excluded from it.Alcoholics Anonymous organized in New York City.The technical committee on Medical Care, a research arm of the Interdepartmental Committee (1935) is formed to study health care in the US.First vitamin pill comes on US market.Roosevelt is inaugured and declares during his inauguration speech: "I see one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished".Sulfonamide therapy available for the treatment of gonorrhea.Effective vaccine against yellow fever available.M*#E v  [  v  T i 9E-kQ;@Policy and PoliticsReproductive HealthD@ @1147USATTOJHHH<<<<' ye@Policy and PoliticsAccess to CareN@ @26651RussiaTTLGCCC7777' y~@~Academic Advance@ @4259USA<<72000$$$$$ y}@}Academic Advancej@ @50347USA>>94000$$$$$ y|@|Policy and PoliticsReproductive Healthh@ @36USAQQLLHHH<<<<' i{@{Policy and Politicsb@@422USA>>95333''''' yzD@zEpidemiology/BiostatisticsVaccinationTechnological AdvanceZ@@782ddd`^^^RRR;. ;YyD@yPublic Health Infrastructurex@@1272USAIID@<<<00000 yxC@xPolicy and Politics@@FDA1146USADD?:883''''' {w@wEpidemiology/BiostatisticsVaccinationInfectious Disease@@82343Francelld_[[[OOO;. ;yv@vEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseQuarantine|@@82246USArrmhdddXXL8. {yu=@uPolicy and Politics@@62158USAAA<7333''''' yt@tPolicy and Politics@@50343-344USAEE@7333''''' ys@sEpidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological AdvanceInfectious Diseasez@@Alexander Fleming7, 36, 4884xxeYYYE. ;[r@rEpidemiology/BiostatisticsNatural Disaster@>73USAUUPPLLL@@@@. iq@qAcademic Advancex@>4261USA<<72000$$$$$ yp@pEpidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological AdvanceChronic DiseaseMental Healthh@>786USA||wsqqqeeVE. {yo@oEpidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological Advancef@>Hans Berger32285Germanyppgb^^QEEEE. {n@nEpidemiology/BiostatisticsChronic DiseaseTechnological AdvancePrevention@>Samuel Levine7USA}}nbbV?. {kmh@mEpidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseEpidemicQuarantinej@>82247USArrmhdddXXLB. {ylh@lAcademic Advance^@>2312USA==84000$$$$$ ykg@kPolicy and Politics@>NIH1, 23146, 13USAMMH?883''''' {j@jAcademic Advance@>2312USA==84000$$$$$ yi@iAcademic Advance@>82183USA>>94000$$$$$ yh@hEpidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological AdvanceInfectious Disease@>3511mmmieeeYYYE. ;Yg4@gPolicy and PoliticsX@ >36USA<<77333''''' if@fAcademic AdvanceH@ >2313USA==84000$$$$$ ye@eAcademic Advance@ >4, 48USA<<77000$$$$$ idB@dPublic Health Infrastructure@ >1109USAHHC><<<00000 ycB@cAcademic Advance@ >4, 48US;;77000$$$$$ ib@@bPublic Health InfrastructureAccess to Care|@>8752USXXTPLLL@@@@0 ya@aPublic Health InfrastructureAccess to Caref@>62186USAZZUPLLL@@@@0 y`i@`Policy and Politics@>14USA<<75333''''' y_@_Policy and PoliticsChronic DiseaseAccess to CareMental Health`@>50336USAqqlgcccWWH8' {y^@^Policy and Politics@>48USA<<77333''''' ilLVAL : h  4 \  pF:v~ZZPeak number of deaths from tuberculosis in New York City - 8825 cases. (1804-1950)Preventive inoculation against tetanus in gunshot wounds.New York City reports 9000 polio cases (incidence of 185.2 per 100,000)Russian Revolution estimated 25 million typhus cases with 2.5 to 3 million deaths. This constituted the most serious typhoid outbreak in history.Munitions explosion in Halifax N.S. kills 2000 people.School of Hygiene Johns Hopkins established (instruction begins 1918).Group accidental health and dismemberment insurance first written.Spanish Influenza pandemic. Estimated 1/2 million deaths in the US. By 1920 world wide deaths total 20 million. Total deaths could be as high as 52-100 million.There are 149, 128 trained nurses in the US.Prohibition goes into effect throughout the US.Child Welfare League of America is founded.National Leprosarium is established in Carville, Louisiana.It is reported that 75% of all infants in New York and other large US cities have rickets.Contrast radiography developed at Mayo Clinic.American Heart Association is founded.Maternity and Infancy Act PL 67-97USSR enacs compulsory health insurance.Frank Chapaman's "Hospital Organization and Operation" is published.American Speech Language-Hearing Association founded.State of Tennessee forbids sex education in schools.Medical Group Manangement Association is founded.First immunization of humans against tetanus.The University of Chicago Hospitals and Clinics are founded.The Food Drug and Insecticide Administration (FDA) is established in the Department of Agriculture.BCG tuberculosis vaccine is given successfully to 116, 000 infants in France.6969 deaths from pellagra are reported. This is a peak figure.The Congress passes the Food Control Act. $325 million are allocated to control Mississippi.American Medical Record Association is founded. American Institute of Nutrition is founded.Alexander Fleming discovers the first antibiotic: penicillin.}*#,N   Y _ A 8abW~$EQ($@Academic Advance@B27USA9944000$$$$$ i"@Policy and Politicst@B27USA<<77333''''' i@Medical Care Innovations@BHarvey Cushing82327USAVVQLHH8,,,,, {@Academic Advanceb@ B7471USA==84000$$$$$ y֦@Medical Care InnovationsTechnological AdvanceR@ B82342USA]]XSOOOCCCC, y֦@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsNatural Disasterd@ B6268Italy[[TPLLL@@@@. y@Medical Care InnovationsTechnological Advanceb@ BPaul Ehrlich62, 3670USAnnie]]OCCCC, {@Policy and Politics|@ B75555333''''' I@Health BehaviorB@B8761USA<<73///##### y@Public Health InfrastructureAccess to CareV@B66USAUUPPLLL@@@@0 i@Policy and PoliticsPrevention@B27USAHHCC???3333' ih@Policy and PoliticsZ@B277777333''''' If@Academic AdvanceX@B21USA9944000$$$$$ ir@Policy and Politicsp@B27870USAAA<7333''''' y@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsNatural DisasterSS Titanic sinks. 1513 drown.62, 36, 7379{{{wkkk@@@@. Y @Policy and Politics^@B8, 1487, 146USAHHC9333''''' y@Policy and Politicsh@B28469USAAA<7333''''' yk@Public Health InfrastructureAccess to Care@B49471USAZZUPLLL@@@@0 yj@Health Behavior Delousing of troops organized.32245USA]]XSOOO##### yi@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseEpidemicQuarantine@@5151USAppkfdddXXLB. {yh@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsVaccinationInfectious DiseasePreventionr@@27USAppkkggg[[O;. {iն@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicQuarantineInfectious Disease@@82275USArrmhdddXXD8. {yE@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicNatural Disaster$@@82354USAdd_ZVVVJJJ8. ;y@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsNatural Disasterl@@62117USAZZUPLLL@@@@. yD@Academic Advance@@27USA9944000$$$$$ iC@Policy and PoliticsAccess to Care@@1393USAPPKGCCC7777' y@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseQuarantine@@@62, 27, 64, 36, 6126|||wdddXXL8. {Y@Medical Care InnovationsX@@7841USAEE@<888,,,,, yx@Historical LandmarkWomen's suffrage is adopted.451USA\\WSQQQ''''' y@Policy and Politics^@@36USA<<77333''''' i@Policy and PoliticsV@@50338USAAA<7333''''' y@Public Health Infrastructurev@@8751USAIID@<<<00000 y@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsChronic Disease@@82308USAYYTOKKK????. y@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological Advance\@@768USA\\WSQQQEEEE. y@Academic AdvanceL@@8491USA<<72000$$$$$ yLVALN , R  2 | 2~2Landsteiner discovers blood groupings.Harvey Cushing introduces the sphygmomanometer to US to measure blood pressure.New York City clean milk stations are providing a monthly total of 250, 000 bottles of milk.Mount Pelee, Martinique errupts killing 38,000.The Plumbers' Union organizes a sick benefit fund.New York City typhoid fever epidemic (1300 cases).Richard C Cabot and Ida Cannon start medical social service at the Massachusets General Hospital.Last major yellow fever epidemic in USA in New Orleans. After this, yellow fever ceased to be a major problem."Typhoid Mary" carrier of typhoid found and incarcerated.Courses in public hygiene started at the University of Pennsylvania.Compulsory medical inspection of schools in Massachusetts.Harvey Cushing operates on patient with trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux). This has been called the beginning of modern neurosurgery.American Association for Cancer Research founded.Mantoux diagnostic test for tuberculosis.Earthquake and tidal wave in Sicily kill 150, 000.Paul Ehrlich proposes Salvarsan against syphilis.US Congress bans importing opium for anything but medical use.USPHS physicians list most important drugs in order: ether, morphine, digitalis, diphteria antitoxin, small pox vaccine, iron, quinine, iodine, alcohol, mercury.The Benendictine Sisters of Jonesboro Arkansas planned St Bernard's Hospital. When Negroes were treated some doctors resigned. A special section was set aside for Negroes.Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for hookworm prevention organized.Ontario Act regulating municipal milk supply."American Journal of Public Health" started.California establishes notification of venerial disease.US Public Health Service instituted (new name).End of era when narcotics were publically available.New York City Health Department opens Health District No 1 in Lower East Side (one location for many health services).0* qr } ] O 0 4<Ks2OK~@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological AdvanceInfectious Disease@DRobert Koch27vvvvrreYYYE. ;K^Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseEpidemicQuarantine@D6461, 83WorldwwphdddXXLB. {y^Medical Care InnovationsTechnological AdvanceChronic DiseaseReproductive Health@D74, 2751, 730}uuuiiTC, {YEpidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseEpidemicNatural Disaster@D64, 3661World}}vrjjj^^LB. {yAcademic Advancej@DW.D. Miller27861USAKKFA==0$$$$$ {Policy and PoliticsAccess to CareV@D26651USAQQLGCCC7777' yЦPublic Health InfrastructurePrevention@D82290USAVVQLHHH<<<<0 yPolicy and Politics@D1145USA??:5333''''' yAcademic AdvanceR@ D611USA;;62000$$$$$ yxPolicy and PoliticsChronic DiseasePreventionMental HealthZ@ D50336USAmmhc___SSD8' {y|Public Health Infrastructurel@ D82290USAJJE@<<<00000 yAcademic AdvanceMental HealthV@ DSigmund Freud36RRRRNN?3333$ K̖Medical Care InnovationsTechnological Advance@ DRoentgen1USA``[[YYOCCCC, kAcademic AdvanceInfectious DiseaseN@DRonald Ross36UUUUQQD8888$ KPolicy and PoliticsInfectious DiseasePrevention@D27USA\\WWSSSGGG;' ;ivEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseL@D6483```\XXXLLL8. ;YrMedical Care InnovationsTechnological AdvanceAccess to CareZ@DCharles Frederic Gerhardt32207~zz_SSSC, ?[vAcademic Advancex@D27769UK==94000$$$$$ y@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseQuarantinet@D82350USArrmhdddXXL8. {y@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseQuarantine@D6479USAqqlhdddXXL8. {y@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsPopulation Control"@D3099USA[[VRNNNBBBB. y@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsPopulation ControlUS Population: 75, 994, 575.256USAwwrplllBBBB. y@Health BehaviorPrevention@D32207USAIID?;;;////# yw@Academic AdvanceL@B27866USA>>94000$$$$$ yv@Medical Care InnovationsTechnological Advance@BHarvey Cushing7USAffaa__OCCCC, k@Health BehaviorPrevention@B82244USAIID?;;;////# y؊@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsNatural Disaster^@B6244TTTPLLL@@@@. Y(@Policy and PoliticsAccess to Cared@B654USANNIGCCC7777' y$@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseQuarantined@B7USAkkffdddXXL8. {i@Medical Care InnovationsAccess to Care@B8, 45510, 81USA]]XOHHH<<<<, y(@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseEpidemic@B82357USAffa\XXXLLLB. ;y&@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseQuarantiner@BTyphoid Mary36USAqqllhhZNNNB. ;kDLVALzX D X PZ:rCharles Mayo and his sons William and Charles establish a practice in Rochester, MN which evolves into the Mayo Clinic.New York City Dyphteria Epidemic (4509 deaths).The Marine Biological Laboratory opens at Woods Hole.Koch discovers bacilli of cholera and infectious conjunctivitis.World wide Influenza pandemic arrives in Boston and New York in December. Morbidity is between 30-50%.Halsted surgery for breast cancer reported - radical mastectomy.Global Influenza Epidemics. Influenza arrives in San Francisco in January.W.D. Miller elucidates bacteriology of dental caries.Hungary enacts compulsory health insurance.New York City established division of bacteriology and desinfection in the city health department.Congress passes law on shipping and quarantine. PHS is responsible.Johns Hopkins School of Medicine founded.American Council on Alcohol Problems founded.City of Philadelphia public health laboratory started.Sigmund Freud publishes "Study of Hysteria"Roentgen's X-ray paper arrives in the US and the technique is quickly applied in several places.Ronald Ross discovers malaria bacillus.New York State adopts compulsory notification of tuberculosis (H M Biggs)Influenza pandemic starting in Russia.Charles Frederic Gerhardt introduces aspirin.Schools of Tropical Medicine founded in London and LiverpoolTyphoid death rate in USA reaches 31.3 per 100,000 people.Influenza pandemic reaches Massachusetts in March, Alaska in June, Milwakee and Los Angeles in October and spreads across the USA by 1901.Life Expectancy white male white female black male black female at birth 46.6 48.7 32.5 33.5 at age 65 11.5 12.2 10.4 11.4Park recommends control of milk (New York City) by bacterial tests.>* "9 Z + >   ^{T'Y+ dEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseNatural Disaster@F55Europevvnnjjj^^L8. {iePublic Health InfrastructureTechnological Advance@F8, 87470, 47USAhhcZSSSGGGG0 yePublic Health InfrastructureMental HealthAccess to Care@F8456USAggb][[[OOO?0 ;yPolicy and PoliticsTechnological AdvanceT@F2652USAWWRNJJJ>>>>' yAPublic Health InfrastructureTechnological Advancev@F16USA\\WWSSSGGGG0 iPublic Health InfrastructureT@F5319USAHHC><<<00000 yEnvironmental HealthP@F36UK<<88444((((( iPublic Health InfrastructureTechnological AdvanceL@F82257USAaa\WSSSGGGG0 y_Medical Care InnovationsAccess to Care@F49437UKUUQLHHH<<<<, y`Environmental Health~@F27USA==88444((((( iaPolicy and PoliticsInfectious DiseasePrevention@F8, 82471, 289USAiidZSSSGGG;' ;yEpidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological AdvanceReproductive Health@FAlbert Neisser82332GermanyzvvfZZZE. ;{Epidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological AdvanceInfectious DiseaseH@FCharles Louis Alphonse Laveran36eYYYE. ;KEpidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological AdvanceVaccinationT@ F36bbbb^^^RRRE. ;IAcademic Advance@ FWade H Frost5482USAJJE@>>0$$$$$ {Medical Care InnovationsTechnological Advance|@ F20116USA]]XSOOOCCCC, yAcademic Advancen@ F7422USA==84000$$$$$ yPolicy and PoliticsB@ F27USA<<77333''''' iEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease^@F5USA__ZZXXXLLL8. ;iMedical Care InnovationsMental Health@FJoseph Breuer36AustriaccZZVVG;;;;, kZEpidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological AdvanceInfectious Diseased@FRobert Koch19, 82115, 337zrreYYYE. ?[>Epidemiology/BiostatisticsTechnological AdvanceEpidemicF@FLuis Pasteur27mmmmii[OOOE. ;K?Academic AdvanceInfectious Diseaset@FKlebs, Loeffler8966USAaa\WUUD8888$ {ҶEnvironmental Health@FAdolphus Hyath5345USAPPKFDD4((((( {R@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseQuarantined@F55CanadapphhdddXXL8. {ibEpidemiology/BiostatisticsVaccinationTechnological Advance!Pasteur devises rabies vaccine.36RRR;. ;IcMedical Care InnovationsAccess to Care@F27859QQQLHHH<<<<, YdMedical Care InnovationsMental Health@F156USARRMKGGG;;;;, yPublic Health Infrastructure"Pasteur Institute Paris founded.36Francejjbb^^^00000 iPublic Health Infrastructure@D1USACC>><<<00000 iEpidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseEpidemicQuarantine^@D5ffffdddXXLB. {IHistorical Landmarkj@D27USA<<77333''''' iLVALz 4 n , B N\ljzfChicago starts full term health department.European smallpox pandemic is triggered by Franco Prussian war. An estimated of 500,000 die.Reorganization of the US marine hospitals. Provides for centralized administration of marine hospitals.50 public and 16 private mental hospitals are functioning across the US, housing 17, 000 patients.American Public Health Association formed.First survey of American Hospitals. 178 hospitals reported.Maryland forms State Department of Health.London's main sewerage system completed.Eli Lilly Co. founded in Indianopolis.First nurse employed in England in a factory (industrial nursing).Massachusetts law is issued authorizing inspection of plumbing.Federal Law is passed to make Marine Hospital Service responsible for the control of infectious disease entering the US.Albert Neisser, Breslau bacteriologist isolates gonococcus responsible for gonorrhea.Laveran discovers malarial parasite.Pasteur discovers chicken cholera vaccine.Wade H Frost is born. He later establishes epidemiology as a science in America.The thermometer comes into general use by US-urban physicians."Boston Medical and Surgical Journal" offers $1000 prize for the best essay on "Cure of Malignant Disease". Only 3 entries are submitted. By 1882 not one turned into a credible essay.Food and Drug Law, New York StateNew York City Diphteria epidemic (4894 deaths).Viennese physician Joseph Breuer uses hypnosis to treat hysteria (beginning of psychoanalysis).Koch announces discovery of the tuberculosis germ.Pasteur vaccinates against anthrax.Diphteria microorganism is isolated by Klebs and Loeffler.Adolphus Hyath patents aluminum sulfate as a coagulation filter for water. Installed in Somerville New Jersey.Smallpox epidemic in Montreal kills 3,164 persons.Hermann Cohn introduces examination of school children for visual acuity.Boarding out program for the mentally ill starts in Massachussetts.<*#=Y d q j ; \ { qFEg%^@fPolicy and PoliticsVaccinationT@I27UKHHDD@@@4444' i Public Health Infrastructure@I70967USAJJE@<<<00000 yMedical Care Innovations@IDorothea Dix5211USARRMHFF8,,,,, {@TAcademic Advancet@I11USA9944000$$$$$ iAcademic Advance @IJohn H Griscom41, 8249, 289USAVVQH@@0$$$$$ {@Medical Care Innovations@IW T Morton6669USAPPKFDD8,,,,, {Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseX@I6443Europehh`\XXXLLL8. ;yPublic Health InfrastructureMental Health@H53126USAYYTOKKK????0 yMedical Care Innovationsp@H4389USAEE@<888,,,,, y0Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@H33175USAffa\XXXLLL8. ;y*Academic Advancex@H6543USA<<72000$$$$$ yEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease"Cholera epidemic in Midwest USA.6542USA|zzzLLL8. ;yPolicy and Politicsh@H1111USA??:5333''''' yyPublic Health Infrastructurel@H8590USAIID@<<<00000 yPolicy and PoliticsVaccinationv@H36UKHHDD@@@4444' igPolicy and Politics@H82287UK@@<7333''''' y@gPublic Health InfrastructureInfectious DiseaseAccess to Carez@HHermann Behrman82343zzzuqq`TTTD0 ;[gHealth BehaviorPopulation Control@H82244FranceTTLGCCC7777# ygMedical Care InnovationsEpidemicAccess to Care.@H66USA[[VVRRRFFF6, ;i Public Health Infrastructure^@ H82289USAJJE@<<<00000 yPublic Health InfrastructureAccess to Carex@ HE.R. Squibb82257USAggb]YYL@@@@0 {Academic Advancef@ H8459USA<<72000$$$$$ y>Public Health Infrastructure`@ H12100USAJJE@<<<00000 yPolicy and Politics@ H5, 43261, 228USAIID:333''''' yEnvironmental Healtht@H43220USABB=8444((((( yPublic Health Infrastructure@HElizabeth Blackwell, Louisa Lee Schuyler82222USAttojff<00000 {Historical Landmark@HJean Henri Dunant36SwitzerlandWWJJFF3''''' kdPublic Health Infrastructuref@HJean Henri Dunant8461SwitzerlandccVQOO<00000 {Policy and PoliticsAccess to Care@H49445RussiaTTLGCCC7777' yPublic Health Infrastructure@H66USAEE@@<<<00000 iMedical Care InnovationsTechnological AdvanceP@HJoseph Lister19, 36114Prussiattkf^^OCCCC, {?Policy and PoliticsBritish Sanitary Act of 1866.7773UK^^ZVRRR''''' y@Public Health InfrastructureV@H70964USAJJE@<<<00000 yAcademic Advancej@H82255USA>>94000$$$$$ yPublic Health InfrastructureV@F2649USAIID@<<<00000 yLVAL@*n  6 p  J tF|Hf~Estimated places available for the insane in existing institutions: 3,000.Choloroform is largely replacing ether as an anesthetic.Cholera epidemic in the Southern USA. 8% of the Saint Louis population dies.Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first woman MD in the world.First individual accident insurance plan in the USA.American Hydropathic Institute opens in New York City.Vaccination against smallpox is made compulsory in Britain.England's National Health Act of 1848 is allowed to lapse. It is eventually restored in 1875.First tuberculosis sanitarium established by Hermann Behrman.The mayor of the village of Villiers-le-Duc, France offered a bounty to every mother who kept her child alive for one year. Advice suggested cleanliness and correct diet. Infant mortality declined from 300 to 200 per 1000 births.Sisters of Mercy arrived from Ireland in San Francisco and placed themselves at the disposal of the city in caring for victims of the cholera epidemic.Louisiana starts first State health department.E.R. Squibb opens laboratory to supply medicines to US Army.Florence Nightingale publishes "Notes on Hospitals"Hotel Dieu Sisters Hospital New Orleans founded.Third National Quarantine and Sanitary Convention, New York. Adopts model sanitary code for public health legislation.Of 136 large American cities 58% have piped water systems.Elizabeth Blackwell, MD and Louisa Lee Schuylerform Ladies (later Womens) Central Relief Committee.Swiss humanist Jean Henri Dunant's book "Souvenir of Suffering" proposes what is to become The Red Cross.Jean Dunant organizes the Red Cross in Switzerland.Russia establishes as system of public medical service in the rural districts: Zemstvo System.Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati operate Saint Vincent's Hospital from the residence of the Bishop.Joseph Lister begins antiseptic surgery.Lakeside Hospital Cleveland is established.University of South Carolina starts pharmacy program.LVAL 0 l h 2 l pP`\b*Robert Malthus publishes "Principles of Political Economy"NY State legislature appropriates $12,500 a year for 50 years to maintain the Bloomingdale Asylum.Death penalty is abolished in Britain for over 100 different types of crimes.Cincinnati starts alms house - hospital complex.1824-1829 European pandemic of smallpox.Start of cholera pandemic in India to spread worldwide.Merck (Darmstadt) starts wholesale manufacture of morphine.Hydropathy (system of treating disease by water) is developed by the Silesian farmer Vincenz Priessnitz.Suttee (the tradition of burining a woman with her dead husband) is abolished in British India.Between 1830 and 1831 an influenza pandemic spreads out of China and Russia across Europe.Great cholera pandemic spreads from Russia into central Europe.New York City Cholera Epidemic from June to October. 3500 deaths are reported.Influenza pandemic breaks out of Russia and travels across Europe.Abolition of Slavery in the British Empire.1836-1840 Smallpox pandemic among North American Indians destroys the Mandan tribe.Gardner Hill introduces the idea of "no restraint" for the insane at the Lincoln Asylum in England.National Society of Dental Surgeons is organized.George Bodington publishes tract on tuberculosis which may have originated the sanatorium therapy for TBC.Free Vaccination Act is passed in England.Saint John's Hospital, Nashville, TN is founded by the Sisters of Charity, Nazareth, KY.Dorothea Dix visits 18 penitenciaries, 300 county jails and 500 alms houses between 1842 and 1845.Case Western Reserve University Medical School is founded.John H Griscom publishes "The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population of New York with Suggestions for Improvement", New York, Harper 1845Public demonstration of ether anesthetic is performed by dentist W T Morton at the Massachusetts General Hospital.Influenza epidemic sweeps throughout Europe.k*"2! B > a n  9H"8!?y((Policy and Politics@K82288USAAA<7333''''' y''Epidemiology/BiostatisticsVaccinationd@K55ChinaRRKKGGG;;;;. i&&Policy and PoliticsVaccination~@ K55EuropeLLDD@@@4444' i%%Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@ K6432USAee`\XXXLLL8. ;y$ h$Public Health InfrastructureVaccinationr@ K55UKQQMMIII====0 i#`:#Academic AdvanceF@ K27USA9944000$$$$$ i" "Epidemiology/BiostatisticsPopulation Controlt@ K50259USA\\WRNNNBBBB. y!@!Public Health Infrastructured@K27841USAJJE@<<<00000 y c Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseEpidemic$@KNapoleon Bonaparte82353-354EuropeypllXLLLB. ;{Epidemiology/BiostatisticsPopulation Controlx@K5217USAZZUPNNNBBBB. yPPolicy and PoliticsVaccinationInfectious Disease @K82316Franceee]XTTTHHH4' ;yQPublic Health Infrastructure@K2649USAIID@<<<00000 yPublic Health Infrastructure@K27771USAJJE@<<<00000 y@Policy and Politicsp@K10111USAAA<7333''''' yPolicy and Politics@K53211USAAA<7333''''' y@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsPopulation Control @KN@950258-9USAjje^ZNNBBBB. }Academic Advancet@IRobert Malthus9, 36UKKKGG@@0$$$$$ k-Public Health InfrastructureMental Health@I5208USAWWRMKKK????0 y@vPolicy and Politics@I36UK;;77333''''' ivPublic Health Infrastructure`@I4535USAIID@<<<00000 y@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseP@I55Europedd\\XXXLLL8. ;idEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseNatural Disastern@I361831World{{tnjjj^^L8. {y@ Medical Care Innovationsv@I27EuropeDD<<888,,,,, iRMedical Care Innovations@IVincenz Priessnitz36EuropeXXPPLL8,,,,, kRHealth Behavior@I36India::33///##### i@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@I6483Worldgg`\XXXLLL8. ;yEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease~@I36Europedd\\XXXLLL8. ;i @ Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@ I5135USAdd_ZXXXLLL8. ;y  Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@ I6483Europehh`\XXXLLL8. ;y @ Historical LandmarkV@ I36UK;;77333''''' i @ Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseNatural Disaster@ I55USAssnnjjj^^L8. {i  Medical Care InnovationsMental Health@ IGardner Hill27773UKbb^YUUG;;;;, {Policy and Politicsb@I52233USAAA<7333''''' yfAcademic Advance@IGeorge Bodington82342-3UKQQMFBB0$$$$$ {LVAL L &  dPn,H>`Smallpox epidemic in Mexico kills over 14, 000.Doctor David Hosack establishes the New York Lying-In Hospital.Vaccination is introduced into India and France.Smallpox pandemic among North American Indians kills 2/3s of the Omaha tribe.Napoleon starts vaccination for smallpox for his Armies.Survey of New York City reports 1200 taverns for a population of 64, 000. That comes up to 1 tavern for 53 people.Free Clinic is opened in Boston. One of its missions is to vaccinate the poor.A New York City Inspector of Health is appointed from within the Police Department.Vaccination for smallpox is introduced into China.Vaccination for smallpox is made legally compulsory in Bavaria.Influenza arrives in New York city in early summer and spreads to the rest of the State by late August. Morbidity is high, deaths are few.The National Vaccine Establishment is founded in England.The Yale Medical School is founded.US Population: 7, 239, 881 Area: 1, 722, 685 square milesThe Massachusetts General Hospital is established.Napoleon's Army in Russia suffers from dysentery and diarrhea. No typhus until after Borodino. Major typhus epidemic in Moscow. (July to October)Mortality statistics published for the first time in Boston.France ends Napoleon's vaccination policy for its Army, resulting in heavy smallpox casualities up to the Franco-Prussian War of 1871.Charleston, South Carolina starts a full time City Health Department.The Connecticut Asylum is founded. It functions as the first school for the deaf in the US.South carolina is the first state to license physicians.The Delaware Medical Society is established with power to regulate medical practice.The fourth US Census is conducted. US Population: 8, 945, 000 rural; ?693 urban Median age: 16.7 years old; For whites: 16.5 yrs old; For blacks: 17.2 yrs old US Census: 9, 638, 453 of whom 1, 772, 000 are black (representing 18.4% of the total population). *"4  D 9 ( K < /Fd!%#ep\JJPublic Health Infrastructure@ N4721, 55North AmericaWWH@<<<00000 yIIEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseVaccination@ N529-32, 82North AmericargeeeYYL8. {yHHEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseVaccination@ N529USAppkgeeeYYL8. {yGGPublic Health InfrastructureZ@ N77148UKIIE@<<<00000 yFFAcademic Advanceb@NFranz Mesmer27BBBB>>0$$$$$ KEEMedical Care Innovations|@N27UK@@<<888,,,,, iDDEnvironmental Health@NJohann Peter Frank49, 27135UUUPHH4((((( [CCEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseVaccination@N55MexicoqqiieeeYYL8. {iB8BEpidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious Diseasej@N558USAYYTPNNNBBBB. yA8AEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@N6483Worldgg`\XXXLLL8. ;y@`@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@N42135USAffa\XXXLLL8. ;y??Medical Care InnovationsH@N36FranceDD<<888,,,,, i>>Environmental Health@N582USA??:6444((((( y= =Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@ M6483Europehh`\XXXLLL8. ;y<<Historical LandmarkJ@ M936USA>>95333''''' y;@;Medical Care Innovations8@ M6, 53541, 57-58USAPPK?888,,,,, y:`:Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseL@ M55Australia]]RRNNNBBBB. i99Epidemiology/BiostatisticsPopulation Control@ MThomas Jefferson50, 45, 39, 6, 5USAwwrr``NBBBB. k88Academic AdvanceChronic Disease@MBenjamin Rush4344-5ZZZTPPA5555$ [7 p7Medical Care InnovationsReproductive HealthTechnological Advance@MWilliam BaynhamuuuuuudXXXA, ;C6B6Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicVaccinationT@M4236USA^^YUQQQEEE8. ;y55Policy and Politics@M9181UK>>:5333''''' y44Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@M538USAcc^ZXXXLLL8. ;y3 3Policy and Politics@M82140FranceDD<7333''''' y22Health Behavior@MSir Gilbert Blane27UKJJFFBB/##### k1V1@M8728-29)))" Y0 ^0Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease^@K55Mexicodd\\XXXLLL8. ;i/0/Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@M538, 47, 57USAkkfZXXXLLL8. ;y..Public Health Infrastructure~@KDavid Hosack595USAUUPLJJ<00000 {-@-Policy and PoliticsVaccination`@K55WorldKKDD@@@4444' i,,Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseNatural Disaster@K55USAssnnjjj^^L8. {i+`L+Policy and PoliticsVaccinationp@KNapoleon Bonaparte82316Franceee]XTT@4444' {*@L*Health Behavior@K4341USA<<73///##### y)`L)Public Health InfrastructureVaccination@K531USATTOKIII====0 yLVALVP  VFInfluenza pandemic spreads out of Russia and into Europe over the years 1788 and 1789.The US Constitution comes into force.Dissection riot occurs in New York City on Sunday, April 13, after children see a limb hanging out to dry. Doctors are put in jail for their own protection.Smallpox is introduced into Australia.First US Census, directed by Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. US Population: 3, 929, 214. Blacks: 757, 000 or 19.3% of the population. Rural population: 3, 728, 000 versus Urban: 202, 000. Only 5% of Americans live in communities of 2,500 or more. Largest cities in the USA: New York 49, 401 Philadelphia 28, 522 Boston 18, 320 Baltimore 13, 503 The US center of population is 23 miles East of Baltimore, MD.Benjamin Rush publishes "An Inquiry into the Effects of Spiritous Liquors on the Human Body"William Baynham of Virginia operates for extra-uterine pregnancy.Smallpox in Boston. 9, 000 are inoculated.English Law concerning free insurance companies against sickness, invalidity and old age. First legal recognition of friendly societies.August to October: The Great Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic - 4044 deaths. Yellow Fever in Charleston.French National Assembly's Commission to review French Health Services. Report is out in 1794; it stresses home care.Blane standardizes rationing of lemon-juice against scurvy for the Royal Navy.Congressional committee is appointed to inquire about an act protecting American seamen. Recommends taxes to care for sick sailors.Yellow fever in New York - 2086 deaths. Yellow fever for the first time in Boston - 145 deaths. Yellow fever in Philadelphia - 3506 deaths. Influenza throughout the USA. Malaria as far north as Lake Champlain.pLVALd4 H 8 | v <<:First Hospital for the Insane is founded in Virginia (occupied in 1773).George Armstrong opens first Dispensary for the Infant Poor in England. 35, 000 children are treated there in the next 12 years.Scarlet Fever in Duxboro, Massachusetts.Diphteria epidemic in New York - lasts from 1771 to 1772.Measles epidemic in "all parts of America". 8-900 children die in Charlston, South Carolina.Only major outbreak of syphilis in colonial times in Lower Canada.Franz Mesmer uses hypnosis for health purposes.Doctor Percivall Potts shows high incidence of cancer of the scrotum in chimney sweeps. This constitutes an early link of cancer to occupation.Diphteria epidemic occurs in New England.There are an estimated 3,500 physicians in the USA (census compiled by joseph Tones in 1874). Their proportion is 1/800 in the general population in cities and about 1/1000 - 1200 in rural areas.Smallpox in Boston. 5292 cases, 57 deaths, 4988 inoculated. American troops are inoculated between 1776 and 1778.Smallpox in Boston. There are 8, 346 reported cases, 198 deaths and 8, 114 instances of inoculation. 262 flee the city, 221 are unaffected, 232 contract smallpox the natural way. The rate of mortality is of 14.2%. Among the inoculated, mortality is of 1.8%.Birmingham General Hospital opens in England.Mesmer's memoir on Animal Magnetism is published.Notation of causes of death begins in English Naval hospitals.J.P. Frank issues the first system of public hygiene. Johann Peter Frank - "System of Medical Police"Smallpox epidemic in Mexico City kills 18, 000. Inoculation for smallpox is introduced into Mexico.Besieging New England troops are affected by malaria.Influenza pandemic spreads out of Russia and China across Europe.Diphteria and Scarlet Fever are prevalent in nearly all states from South Carolina to New England. Mortality is low.First School for the Blind in Paris.Massachusetts Act relating to the control of unwholesome and adulterated food.W*w | d Z E  lzO{r..h`hEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@Q4257North Americaoo`\XXXLLL8. ;ygdgEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseVaccination@P527, 29North America~~ogeeeYYL8. {yf7fHistorical Landmarkj@P36North AmericaFF77333''''' ie7eAcademic Advance@PJames Lind634BBB@<<0$$$$$ [d` dAcademic Advance@P36Germany==44000$$$$$ ic` cEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@P27North Americakk\\XXXLLL8. ;ibbEpidemiology/BiostatisticsNatural Disaster^@P36EuropeXXPPLLL@@@@. iaaEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@ P4261, 86-7North Americauuf\XXXLLL8. ;y` `Public Health InfrastructureD@ P582North AmericaQQB><<<00000 y_`_Epidemiology/Biostatistics@ P517WorldGG@<:::..... y^@^Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Diseaser@ P42227North Americappa\XXXLLL8. ;y]`]Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseVaccination @ P4293-95North AmericapieeeYYL8. {y\\Policy and Politicsl@P27North AmericaFF77333''''' i[[Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@P42198North Americappa\XXXLLL8. ;yZZEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseNatural Disaster^@P55Mexicovvnnjjj^^L8. {iY YEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@P42162North Americappa\XXXLLL8. ;yX@XEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Diseasez@P55South Americakk\\XXXLLL8. ;iW@WEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseVaccination@P528-29North America}}ngeeeYYL8. {yVPMVEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@P42128, 181North Americauuf\XXXLLL8. ;yU@UAcademic AdvanceInfectious Disease`@PWilliam Heberden The Elder55dddd``D8888$ KT`\TEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseNatural Disaster`@P55Indiauunnjjj^^L8. {iS\SPublic Health InfrastructureMental Health@N53117North AmericaccTOKKK????0 yR`NRPublic Health InfrastructureAccess to Care@NGeorge Armstrong49139UKkkgb^^L@@@@0 {Q QEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseP@N421345North Americaqqb\XXXLLL8. ;yP@PEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Diseaser@N27North Americakk\\XXXLLL8. ;iOOEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@N42175-6North Americarrc\XXXLLL8. ;yNNEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@N42234Canadaiia\XXXLLL8. ;yM@xMMedical Care Innovations^@NFranz Mesmer36JJJJFF8,,,,, KLJLAcademic AdvanceChronic Disease@NPercivall Potts7414UK^^ZVRRA5555$ {KJKEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseR@ N27North Americakk\\XXXLLL8. ;iLVAL@HP @ J:jSmallpox epidemic in Boston. Total population: 15, 684. Smallpox Cases: 7, 669. Deaths: 569. Inoculations: 2, 124.Act of Parliament permits naturalization of the Jews.Lind's Treatise on Scurvy is published under the title" "A Treatise on the Scurvy".First female Medical Doctor graduates from the University of Halle in Germany.Epidemic of throat Distemper (diphteria and scarlatina) in New England.Earthquake in Lisbon. 30,000 people are killed.Smallpox in Canada: "worst epidemic in its history". The epidemic next moves to New York.New York Act providing a lottery: proceeds to be used to build a pest house and erect a medical college. This is Kings College, later renamed Columbia University.General Influenza epidemic in North America and the West Indies.Typhoid is very common in Philadelphia between 1760-1766.Major smallpox epidemic in Charleston, South Carolina after 20 years of the city being free of the disease. Inoculation is implemented on a mass scale (2500 people). "No less than 4, 000 lay ill in Charlestown". Deaths number 730 - 9% of the total population.Act to regulate practice of medicine in New York City.Influenza came from the West Indies to Halifax and then to Boston and spread rapidly through all Continental America.Smallpox Epidemic in Mexico City kills 10, 000.Yellow Fever disappeared from north America between the year 1762 and 1793.Smallpox pandemic in South America spans the years 1764-1765.Smallpox inoculation is forbidden in Carolina without the Governor's permission. In Massachusetts, it is also forbidden in each town unless consent of selectmen is obtained. Smallpox in Boston: 5, 646 cases, 170 deaths. 4, 977 persons are inoculated.Throat disease in Boston: "a sickly time among children". Whooping cough in Boston and spreading is fatal to some children.Heberden distinguishes smallpox and chicken pox.3, 000, 000 deaths occur from Smallpox in India.LVALXt0 z  THHSmallpox in Boston: 4, 000 cases; 500 deaths; 400 inoculated.Thomas Cadwalader teaches anatomy in Philadelphia.Massachusetts: a regulation prohibiting the concealment of a case of smallpox is issued. A red cloth is to be hung in places infected with the disease.Influenza pandemic out of Russia spreads across Europe.Influenza epidemic in the Colonies, 1732-1733.Medical Society of Boston is founded. This is the first medical society in the Colonies.4, 000 cases of throat distemper in Boston in a population of 12, 000.Half of the Cherokee Indians die of smallpox. They accuse the English for the epidemic. Smallpox also occurs in New York City during this year.Heavy smallpox epidemic hits Charleston, South Carolina. Doctor Mowbray inoculates 450 persons there. Charlestown regulation is issued that a house quarantined with smallpox should display a white rag tied to the house gate.An epidemic of measles takes place in Boston and consequently spreads to New England, NY, NJ between 1739 - 1741.Start of a series of dysentery epidemics in New England.Nicholas Andry first uses the word orthopedics in a treatise on preventing diseases in children: "Orthopedics or the Art of Preventing and Correcting Deformities of the Body in Children".From June to October, there is an epidemic of presumed yellow fever in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin awaits cooler weather in Burlington, NJ before traveling to Philadelphia. The same year, there is an epidemic of yellow fever in New York City.Smallpox in New York City. Throat distemper in Philadelphia. Typhoid in Albany, New York.In the summer of 1747, an epidemic of yellow fever takes place in New York City. New York City is ravaged by "raging nervous fever which carried off multitudes".There are six drugstores in Philadelphia.Rhode Island grants 600 pounds to build a pesthouse for smallpox victims.Smallpox comes by boat from London to Chelsea, MA. One fifth of the population dies.*of Q 1  h qVK  ]5Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseNatural Disasterl@ S55Icelandwwnnjjj^^L8. {i Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseR@S42189North Americappa\XXXLLL8. ;yEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@S55North Americakk\\XXXLLL8. ;iEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@S42166North Americappa\XXXLLL8. ;y0hPolicy and PoliticsX@S581North AmericaHH95333''''' yPQPublic Health InfrastructureInfectious DiseaseQuarantine@S27North Americaoo``\\\PPPD0 ;iEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseH@S42105UKeea\XXXLLL8. ;y~~Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseEpidemicQuarantine@S8765North America{{lhdddXXLB. {y}`}Medical Care InnovationsVaccination@S55North AmericaXXIIEEE9999, i||Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease,@S42148-9, 190-1North Americayyj\XXXLLL8. ;y{Q{Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseVaccinationz@Q529North AmericazzkgeeeYYL8. {yz QzAcademic Advanced@QThomas Cadwalader27North AmericaVVGGCC0$$$$$ ky#yEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicQuarantineInfectious Disease.@Q581North AmericayyjfdddXXD8. {yxxEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Diseasen@Q6483Europehh`\XXXLLL8. ;ywwEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease\@ Q5, 4245, 191North Americawwh_XXXLLL8. ;yvlvPolicy and Politics@ Q6, 27541North AmericaNN?:333''''' yu@?uEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@ Q550North Americamm^ZXXXLLL8. ;yttEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease @ Q4283-4North Americaqqb\XXXLLL8. ;yssEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@ Q5, 6, 27, 39, 42North AmericayyjjXXXLLL8. ;ir@rEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@Q42171North Americappa\XXXLLL8. ;yqqPublic Health InfrastructureLondon Hospital is founded.27North Americall]]YYY00000 ippEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicChronic Diseasep@Q42225North Americamm^YUUUIII8. ;yoZoAcademic Advancev@QNicholas Andry82242North AmericaXXID@@0$$$$$ {nZnEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@QBenjamin Franklin42, 82153, 358North America}skkXLLL8. ;{m@-mAcademic AdvanceLinnaeus describes aphasia.Carl Linnaeus27````\\M$$$$$ KlvlEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@Q4284, 123, 226North Americayyj\XXXLLL8. ;ykIkEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseD@Q42, 82226, 358North Americayyj`XXXLLL8. ;yjjPublic Health InfrastructureR@Q82255North AmericaTTE@<<<00000 yi@iEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseQuarantine@QNorth AmericassdddddXXL8. {aLVALF^  > <  Jp.&On March 6th and on July 10th, Boston public fasts against smallpox are ordered.England's population count approximately 5 million.First recorded post-mortem dissection is performed on the Governor Sloughter of New York.Queen Mary founds Greenwich Hospital for wounded sailors and pensioners.The General Hospital of Quebec is established.Window tax deprives habitations of light and air in England. This tax was imposed in 1795.English Law is enacted in order for 6 pence to be taken from the monthly wages of merchant seamen and Navy sailors to maintain the Royal Hospital at Greenwich, which would care for ill seamen.April: The College of Physicians of London opens a dispensary for care of the poor: The London Dispensary for the Sick and Poor. The dispensary functions until 1725.Italian city of Lucca promulgates first regulations governing anti consumption (TBC) prophylaxis.Infectious Diseases Act in Massachusetts, "to prevent spread of contagion".Malaria becomes endemic in the Colonies. It was not frequent before this tme.Smallpox epidemic kills 18, 000 of 50, 000 Icelanders."Mortal sickness", "putrid pleurisy" ravages Waterbury Connecticut for 11 months. Malidy is so general that "nurses could scarcely be found for the sick". About 250 die.Smallpox is imported into South Africa for the first time at Capetown. It decimates Hottentots.1713-1715 Measles epidemic in the Colonies starting in New England.New York City issues ordinance for midwives.Hospital for Infectious Diseases opens in Boston as a pesthouse.Smallpox epidemic severe in England.Foreign ships from Cyprus where plague was then prevalent were burned in English waters by the sanitary authorities.Roman Catholic missionaries introduce smallpox inoculation into Brazil.Yellow fever "swept off multitudes" in Charlestown, South Carolina. "Pleurisy" (respiratory disease) in New Jersey, Connecticut and South Carolina.*u C ~  ! M &Ey]\SEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicGenetics/Genomicsz@U402Worlddd][WWWKKK8. ;y0Environmental Health@U4015North AmericaKK<8444((((( yEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseOutbreak of Cholera in China.36China{{wwwLLL8. ;i0Academic AdvanceChronic Disease@UThomas Willis36UKXXTTPPA5555$ k`kEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@ U559North Americamm^ZXXXLLL8. ;y=Academic AdvanceTechnological Advance Leeuwenhoek makes microscopes.Antony van Leeuwenhoek27Europeg;;;;$ k&Medical Care Innovationsb@ UEtienne J Morel27FranceUUMMII8,,,,, k@Medical Care Innovations@ UJohn Winthrop590-1North America^^OIGG8,,,,, {Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseMapping@ UCotton Mather39North AmericattppaUUL8. {kAcademic AdvanceInfectious Disease@ UThomas Sydenham522, 54___WUUD8888$ [Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseQuarantinef@U4247North America{{lhdddXXL8. {ypYEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseQuarantineh@U4247North America{{lhdddXXL8. {y 8Academic Advance@U27UK8844000$$$$$ iBEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseR@U559North Americamm^ZXXXLLL8. ;y+Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseQuarantinev@U4247North America{{lhdddXXL8. {yEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Diseaset@U42116North Americappa\XXXLLL8. ;yPEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease`@UM. de Denonville42165North AmericasnjjXLLL8. ;{Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseEpidemicPreventionF@U42187-8North America~~ohdddXXLB. {y`Medical Care InnovationsReproductive HealthTechnological Advance@UJean Ruleau82323zzzuqqdXXXA, ;[pEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicPrevention@S4248North AmericaggXTPPPDDD8. ?yEpidemiology/BiostatisticsPopulation Controlf@S36UKVVRRNNNBBBB. iMedical Care InnovationsTechnological Advance@S5357North AmericaffWSOOOCCCC, yPublic Health Infrastructure@SQueen Mary36UKPPLLHH<00000 k uPublic Health Infrastructure\@S27304North AmericaTTE@<<<00000 yGEnvironmental Health@S27829UKAA=8444((((( y,Public Health Infrastructure@S8724UKHHD@<<<00000 y0Public Health InfrastructureJ@ S774-5UKIIE@<<<00000 y Policy and Politics@ S82339EuropeDD<7333''''' y0Policy and Politics@ S42102North AmericaKK<7333''''' y`Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@ S557North Americamm^ZXXXLLL8. ;yLVALT : r t  6 p`XX~@"Thomas Willis (English physician) publishes an anatomy of the brain.Great plague of London: lasts from July to October, killing 68, 596 people.Apothecaries establish their right in London to treat sick patients because during the plague many physicians left for the country with their wealthy patients."Epidemic catarrh" (respiratory disease) passed through New England. Few escaped, many fell sick, a few died.The "Duke's Laws" in New York provide for registration of births, marriages and deaths by the minister of clerk in every parish.Smallpox epidemic is transmitted from England to New England.Scavengers (street cleaners) are selected for the first time in Boston.Thomas Willis (English physician) first describes symptoms of diabetes.According to OW Holmes, first outbreak of malaria in New England.Morel invents tourniquet for checking hemorrhage.Massachusetts Governor John Winthrop dies. He was "America's first pharmacist". He compounded his own medicines.Cotton Mather, age 15, tries to chart course of smallpox epidemic.Sydenham distinguishes between Smallpox and Measles, as well as between Measles and Scarlet Fever/Diphteria.Quarantine is issued in Salem, MA against smallpox.Salem, MA: Quarantine of shipswith smallpox ordered."Medicina Curiosa" (London) is the first published English medical journal.First epidemic of malaria in Charlestown.Salem, MA - another quarantine against smallpox is ordered.Virginia suffers an epidemic of sore throats (dyphteria?).Madame de Denonville wrote from Quebec: "The King's ships brought the measles which have broken out at our Hospital at Quebec and spread everywhere. Very few have been exempt".In Virginia, a fast is held for "ye great mortality" arising from "the winter distemper" (respiratory disease). Bleeding is used as a treatment for this condition.Jean Ruleau performed a successful Cesarean operation in a woman patient with rickets.Q*!mc ] | M 4 J Tr1-:NkpAcademic Advance@XWilliam Harvey36UKHHDD@@0$$$$$ kHistorical Landmarkf@X36North AmericaFF77333''''' i Environmental Health@X3918North AmericaKK<8444((((( ypEnvironmental Health First Fire Engines in England.36UK\\XXTTT((((( iWEpidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseaseEpidemic@W546North Americamm^ZXXXLLLB. ;yAAcademic Advance@WWilliam Harvy36CCCC??0$$$$$ K *Epidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious DiseasePopulation Control~@W42165UKookfbbbVVVB. ;yPPolicy and Politicsn@W409North AmericaHH97333''''' yAcademic Advancef@WStephen Bradwell88832KKKFBB0$$$$$ [Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseNatural Disaster@W55North America}}nnjjj^^L8. {iШEnvironmental Health@W4013North AmericaKK<8444((((( ysAcademic Advance@W86832UK==94000$$$$$ y\Medical Care Innovations@ WJohn Winthrop42220North America__PKGG8,,,,, {EPublic Health Infrastructure@ W86832North AmericaTTE@<<<00000 yEPolicy and Politicsl@ W5, 5380, 204North AmericaRRC:333''''' y0Medical Care Innovations|@ W36<<<<888,,,,, IPublic Health Infrastructure^@ W33North AmericaOO@@<<<00000 ipxEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@W42140Worldhha\XXXLLL8. ;yEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseSyphilis outbreak in Boston.548North America|xvvvLLL8. ;yJEpidemiology/BiostatisticsInfectious Disease@W82339UK[[WRNNNBBBB. y@Policy and PoliticsPopulation Control@W3932UKSSOKGGG;;;;' yEpidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseD@W545North Americamm^ZXXXLL88. [y Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@W42223North Americappa\XXXLLL8. ;yfEnvironmental HealthX@W36Europe@@88444((((( iOAcademic AdvanceL@WJohn Graunt27AAAA==0$$$$$ KOAcademic Advance@WMarcello Malpighi82201EuropeTTLGCC0$$$$$ {"Public Health Infrastructure@W27304, 826North AmericaYYJ@<<<00000 y0 Academic Advance@UThomas Willis82209UKLLHC??0$$$$$ { Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseNatural Disaster@U7727UKvvrnjjj^^L8. {y0Medical Care InnovationsAccess to Care>@U7727UKTTPLHHH<<<<, y@Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious Disease@U42186North Americappa\XXXLLL8. ;yPPolicy and PoliticsPopulation Control@U3945North America^^OKGGG;;;;' yEpidemiology/BiostatisticsNatural DisasterGreat Fire of London occurs.27, 9UKuuqqjjj@@@@. iLVALrT F  X J j vlInfluenza or Pneumonia outbreak in the summer of this year in New Amsterdam, Massachusetts and Connecticut.William Harvy publishes on the circulation of blood: "De Motu Cordes".First London Bills of Mortality separate measles from smallpox.The Massachusetts Court of Assistants fined Nicholas Knopp 5 pounds "for taking upon him to cure the scurvey by a water of noe worth nor value, which hee solde att a very deare rate".Stephen Bradwell publishes first book on first aid.Large smallpox epidemic in Connecticut River valley almost destroys Huron Indians.Boston authorities order that garbage or fish be left at the landing place "whereby any annoyance may come to the people that pass that way".The Royal College of Physicians issues a report upon public health.John Winthrop claims: "for the fluxe there is no better medicine than the cuppe (bleeding) used 2 to 3 times".The first hospital in Canada is founded: Hospital Hotel-Dieu, in Quebec.Virginia: an act is issued to regulate the practice of medicine and curb irregular practitioners. It is passed on October 21st, with one goal being to control avaricious physicians.Arsenic is prescribed for medical purposes for the first time.The "Hotel Dieu" Hospital is built in Montreal.Serious Yellow Fever epidemics in the Yucatan, Barbados and Cuba.John Locke, English political philosopher asserts that consumption (tuberculosis) accounted for 20% of all deaths from disease in 1650.Civil Marriage Act in England brings about a system of vital statistics registration.Influenza epidemic in New England."A burning and violent fever" in Dutch New Amsterdam affected nearly all people. (typhoid?)Water closets arrive from France in England.John Graunt founds medical statistics.Marcello Malpighi, professor at Bologna and Pisa, describes capillary vessels linking veins and arteries.First Hospital in the American Colonies is founded on Manhattan Island.LVALv ,  6 | H0The first English child is born in the New World.Hospital of the Immaculate Conception is founded in Mexico City.European Census, approximate populations: France - 16 million Germany - 14.5 million Poland - 11 million Spain - 8 million The Hapsburg Domains - 5.5 millions England and Ireland - 5.5 millions Holland - 3 millionHospital in France, Paris Charite, is founded.Founding of the Society of Apothecaries and Grocers in London.Louis Bourgeois publishes obstetrics treatise.First Public Health Law in the Colonies is issued in Virginia in order to promote sanitation.Doctor Lawrence Bohun becomes Physician General of Virginia.Last recorded burning of heretics in England.English apothecaries break away from the mystery of grocers to become "masters, wardens and society of the art and mystery of the apothecaries of the city of London". Consequently, the grocers were forbidden to make, compound or apply medicines or medicineable compositions.The Defenestration of Prague begins the 30-year war of 1618-1648. This results in high mortality from typhus.The Royal College of Physicians London issues the "Pharmacopoeia Londonesis". This is the first initiative to establish a national standard.William Harvey announnces at Saint Bartholomew's Hospital in London his discovery of the circulation of blood. [see 1628]Founding of Plymouth Colony by the Pilgrim Fathers.Public burial grounds near every settlement are required in Virginia. * H i  : W Historical Landmarkb@X51North AmericaFF77333''''' iPPublic Health Infrastructure@ X33163MexicoMME@<<<00000 y0Epidemiology/BiostatisticsPopulation Control@ X36EuropeZZRRNNNBBBB. iPublic Health Infrastructure\@ X36EuropeHH@@<<<00000 i07Public Health Infrastructure|@ X36UKDD@@<<<00000 iAcademic Advance\@ XLouis Bourgeois8653IIIEAA0$$$$$ [Policy and Politics@X561North AmericaHH95333''''' yPolicy and Politicsx@XLawrence Bohun86306North America[[LGCC3''''' {@Policy and PoliticsZ@X36UK;;77333''''' i<Medical Care Innovations$@X82253UKEEA<888,,,,, y@%Epidemiology/BiostatisticsEpidemicInfectious DiseaseNatural Disaster@X82352Europe{{snjjj^^L8. {y@%Medical Care Innovations@X82, 36254EEE@888,,,,, Y=*                                                                                                                    ........ . . . . . . ................: :!:":#:$:%:&:':(: ): *: +: ,: -:.:/:0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8:9:::;:<:=:>=?=@=A=B=C=D=E=F=G= H= I= J= K= L=M=N=O=P=Q=R=S=T=U=V=W=X=Y=Z=[=\=]=^?_?`?a?b?c?d?e?f?g? h? i? j? k? l?m?n?o?p?q?r?s?t?u?v?w?x?y?z?{?|?}?~? ?!?"AAAAAAAAAA A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A!A"CCCCCCCCCC C C C C CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCEEEEEEEEEE E E E E EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEGGGGGGGGGG G G G G GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG G!G"JJ J J J J JJJJ J J J J JJJJJJJJJJJ J!J"J#J$J%J&J'J (J!)L*L+L,L-L.L/L0L1L2L 3L 4L 5L 6L 7L8L9L:L;L<L=L>L?L@LALBLCLDLELFLGLHLIL JL!KOLOMONOOOPOQOROSOTO UO VO WO XO YOZO[O\O]O^O_O`OaObOcOdOeOfOgOhOiRjRkRlRmRnRoRpRqRrR sR tR uR vR wRxRyRzR{R|R}R~RRRRRRRRTTTTTTTTTT T T T T TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVVVVVVVVVV V V V V VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV YYYYYYYYYY Y Y L 7L8L9L:L;L<L=L>L?L@LALBLCLDLELFLGLHLIL JL!KOLOMONOOOPOQOROSOTO UO VO WO XO YOZO[O\O]O^O_O`OaObOcOdOeOfOgOhOiRjRkRlRmRnRoRpRqRrR sR tR uR vR wRxRyRzR{R|R}R~RRRRRRRRTTTTTTTTTT T T =*                                                                                                                    ........ . . . . . . ................: :!:":#:$:%:&:':(: ): *: +: ,: -:.:/:0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8:9:::;:<:=:>=?=@=A=B=C=D=E=F=G= H= I= J= K= L=M=N=O=P=Q=R=S=T=U=V=W=X=Y=Z=[=\=]=^?_?`?a?b?c?d?e?f?g? h? i? j? k? l?m?n?o?p?q?r?s?t?u?v?w?x?y?z?{?|?}?~? ?!?"AAAAAAAAAA A A A A AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA A!A"CCCCCCCCCC C C C C CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCEEEEEEEEEE E E E E EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEGGGGGGGGGG G G G G GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG G!G"JJ J J J J JJJJ J J J J JJJJJJJJJJJ J!J"J#J$J%J&J'J (J!)L*L+L,L-L.L/L0L1L2L 3L 4L 5L 6L 7L8L9L:L;L<L=L>L?L@LALBLCLDLELFLGLHLIL JL!KOLOMONOOOPOQOROSOTO UO VO WO XO YOZO[O\O]O^O_O`OaObOcOdOeOfOgOhOiRjRkRlRmRnRoRpRqRrR sR tR uR vR wRxRyRzR{R|R}R~RRRRRRRRTTTTTTTTTT T T T T TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVVVVVVVVVV V V V V VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV YYYYYYYYYY Y Y L 7L8L9L:L;L<L=L>L?L@LALBLCLDLELFLGLHLIL JL!KOLOMONOOOPOQOROSOTO UO VO WO XO YOZO[O\O]O^O_O`OaObOcOdOeOfOgOhOiRjRkRlRmRnRoRpRqRrR sR tR uR vR wRxRyRzR{R|R}R~RRRRRRRRTTTTTTTTTT T T  /YN]]Y Y Y  Y Y  Y  Y Y_ReportFileDataFileFlagsFileNameFileTimeStampFileTypeFileURLTable1_ReporteDe]^t elr ]_bl@ef ]`ofYYY_Report$IdxFKPrimaryScalar$MSysComplexPKIndex]]]]s v1b @ \ \ \V Y%NbbY %Y Y P Y , Y ,VY VPY PDateCreateDateUpdateIdLvNameParentIdTypeV,PV,PVbP,V,PV,PVbP,V,PV,PVbP,VYYYIdParentIdIdParentIdNamebbv1b `<`<7a?@c$ o q ( =  . 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AdGovernment DocumentNational Cancer Institute (U.S.); National Cancer Institute (U.S.)National Cancer Institute Fact Book[Bethesda, Md.U.S. Dept. of Health Education and Welfare, Publica Health Service, National Institutes of Health.DHEW publication 83-512April1983"""c 0AdJournalOW AndersonInfluence Of Social And Economic Research On Public Policy In The Health Field. A Review.The Milbank Memorial Fund quarterly443July1966Suppl:11-51{{{{{  {AdBookJohn A Talbott; Seymour R Kaplan, Dr.Psychiatric Administration : A Comprehensive Text For The Clinician-ExecutiveNew YorkGrune & Stratton19837 ? AdBookE Evelyn Flook; Paul J SanazaroHealth Services Research And R & D In PerspectiveAnn Arbor, Mich.Health Administration Press1973vd1 ?  AdGovernment DocumentHealth Insurance Institute (Washington, D.C.)Source Book Of Health Insurance Data, 1979-80Washington, D.C.Health Insurance Institute 21st1980}N   AdJournalThe Guide IssueJAHA1962 Could not trace down reference\00*****$$$$$   AdJournalChicagoAmerican Medical AssociationJAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association24425December 261980{wwr::: 3; AdGovernment DocumentMaryland Y Pennell; Paula A Stewart; National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.)State Licensing Of Health OccupationsWashington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, & Welfare, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics : [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., G.P.O.]Public Health Service publication, no. 17581967tttnnnnnnnAr o  AdBookS H SteinbergHistorical Tables: 58 B.C.-A.D.1965London, New York Macmillan3rdgggggggggbbVD AdBookCommission on Hospital CareHospital Care In The United StatesNew YorkCommonwealth Fund1947tttnnnnnnnn[Q- ? AdBookThe Timetable Of Technology6@9------------  AdBookRichard B Morris; Jeffrey Brandon MorrisEncyclopedia Of American HistoryNew YorkHarper & Rowtttttttttttf\: ?AdBookWilson George SmilliePublic Health, Its Promise For The FutureNew YorkMacmillan1955mmmgggggggg\R' ? AdBookDuncan NeuhauserComing Of Age: A 50-Year History Of The American College Of Hospital Administrators And The Profession It Serves, 1933-1983Pluribus PressJanuary1983" /0AdGovernment DocumentUnited States. Health Resources Administration.Health In America, 1776-1976Washington D.C.[Washington] : U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Health Resources Administration : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.DHEW pub. ; no. (HRA) 76-6161976QQQKKKKKKK-nP  AdMagazinePrivate Health Insurance Through The Centuries & : 1798-1972, A Chronology Of U.S. Health LegislationCincinnatiBlue Cross of Southwest OhioPerspective2Summer1984p. 23-32M@~ ;AdBookDuncan Neuhauser, Florence A. WilsonHealth Services In The United StatesBallinger Pub Co2ndAugust1985*1985 Revised Edition{sssssnn\\6 =LVAL}Qup to 1929 largely up to 1929 largely repeats reference (27)either by G W A Dummer or Patrick Harpur, both 1982Publication year listed as 1974 on WorldCat; different pages given as well.b?{  a   3hl,.AdBookCourtney DaintonThe Story Of England's HospitalsDDDDDDDDDDDDD" -AdBookHarry F DowlingCity HospitalsHarvard University PressKKKKKKKKKKK11! /,AdJournalE O AttingerImpacts Of The Technological Revolution On Health CareIEEE Transactions on Biomedical EngineeringBME-3112December1984736-743YYYYY! {+AdBookJames H CassidyAmerican Medicine And Statistical Thinking 1800-1860Harvard University Press1984wwwqqqqqqqqWW! / *q "BookJohn DuffyEpidemics In Colonial America;;;;;;;;;;;;; )AdBookOdin AndersonHealth Services In The Unites States: A Growth Enterprise Since 1875Ann Arbor Health Administration Press 1985ee /(AdBookJohn B BlakePublic Health In The Town Of Boston 1630-1822Harvard University Press1959mmmggggggggMM / 'AdBookJames H CassidyDemography In Early AmericaHarvard University Press1969^^^XXXXXXXX>>! / &AdJournalThe InternistASIM263March1985;;;5.,,("""""  ;%AdBookBarbara SichermanAlice HamiltonHarvard University Press1984SSSMMMMMMMM33# / $AdBookBernard GreenThe Timetable Of HistoryNew YorkSimond Schuster1979ZZZTTTTTTTTC9 ? #AdBookCarolyn H AsburyOrphan DrugsLexington MassLexington Books1985WWWQQQQQQQQ@0" ? "AdJournalGerald N GrobThe Origins Of American Psychiatric EpidemiologyAJPH753March1985229-236vvmg`^^ZTTTTT" {!AdBookMarshall RaffaelThe Us Health SystemNew YorkWiley2nd1984TTTNNNNNNIIB8"   AdBookParke Davis & Co.Great Moments In MedicineDetroitNothwood Institute Press1966,@sggaaaaaaaaG># ?AdUnpublished personal materialNeuhauser Slide Show TalkDDDDDDDDDDDDD))  AdGovernment DocumentHealth US 1983US Government Printing Office1984TTTNNNNNNNN// + AdJournalCharles D WellesFree Choice As A Restraint Of Trade In American Health Care Delivery And InsuranceIowa Law Review695July19841351- 1392yyyyy% {AdBookFrank D ChampionThe AMA And US Health Policy Since 1940ChicagoChicago Review Press1984pppjjjjjjjjTK" ? AdBookFielding H GarrisonAn Introduction To The History Of MedicinePhiladelphiaWB Saunders4thDecember1966{qqqqqll_Q% 0AdBookJohn J HanlonPrinciples Of Public Health AdministrationMosby3rdWWWWWWWWWRRKK AdGovernment DocumentStatistical Abstract Of The United StatesWashington, DCBureau of the Census104th1984}}}wwwwwwppZJ  AdGovernment DocumentHealth Research and Educational Trust of New JerseyPolitical EvolutionPrinceton, New JerseyIV-ADRG Evaluation1983iT &AdJournalGraduate Medical Education: Proposal For The EightiesJournal of Medical Education569September1981p.11 on 2nd partynllhJJJJJ  AdBookA.S. Duncan et alDictionary Of Medical EthicsNew YorkCrossroads Publishing Co.New Revised Edition1981{{{{{{ffKA#  AdJournalAmerican Journal Of Public Health752February1985front pageXXLF<::666666  zAdBookPhilip Arthur Kalisch; Beatrice J KalischThe Advance Of American NursingBostonLittle, Brown1978yyyssssssssd\; ? .89 0 $ n k Y AW IpHAdBookJohn J HanlonPrinciples of Public Health AdministrationSaint LouisC.V. Mosby Co.3rdmmmmmmmmmhhXK GAdJournalAnn DoyleNursing by Religious Orders in the United StatesAmerican Journal of Nursing29Part III 1871-19287Sept19291085-1095qmPPPPP FAdJournalAnn DoyleNursing by Religious Orders in the United StatesAmerican Journal of Nursing29Part II 1841-18707August1929959-969qmPPPPP EAdJournalAnn DoyleNursing by Religious Orders in the United StatesAmerican Journal of Nursing29Part I 1809-18407July1929775-786qmPPPPP DAdBookSister Dolorita Marie Dougherty C.S.J.Sisters of Saint Joseph of CarondeletSaint LouisB Herder1966427-from chronology|vvvvvvvvl_8 ?CAdSister UrsulaSuggested Religious CongregationsCleveland, OHKennedy and SonsOfficial Catholic Director1987 mimeographyyyyyyyy]K< }BAdGovernment DocumentSister UrsulaChronologyCleveland, OH1986 mimeographyhOOIIIIIIIII:. AAdBookRaymond MuntsBargaining for HealthMadison, WisconsinThe University of Wisconsin Press1967sssmmmmmmmmJ6 ? @AdBookDavid K PattersonPandemic Influenza 1700-1900Totowa, New JerseyRowman and Littlefield1986sssmmmmmmmmUA# ? ?AdBookCurtis L MeinertClinical TrialsNew YorkOxford University Press1986\\\VVVVVVVV=3" ? >AdBookRobert H FerrellThe Twentieth Century. An AlmanacNew YorkWorld Almanac Publications1985qqqkkkkkkkkOE" ? =AdGovernment DocumentJohn MannixCommunitywide Surveys of Health Facilities and Services mimeography~eeeeeeeeeeee, <AdBookMartin KenneyBiotechnology: The Univeristy - Industrial ComplexNew HavenYale1986jjjdddddddd^S ? ;AdGovernment DocumentV.A. mimeographed reportMarj Quant OfficeVACOOctober 201986ddd^RRRRLLL99 +1:AdBookVictoria A HardenInventing the NIHJohns HopkinsEEEEEEEEEEE66# /9AdJournalRobert FriedelSic Transit TransistorAmerican Heritage of Invention and Technology21Spring198633-40|vnllj;;;;;# {8AdJournalHospitalsJAHA609May 5198696-104??71*(($  {7AdBookDonald HopkinsPrinces and PeasantsUniversity of Chcicago Press311-317from Chronologyz]TTTTTTTTT66  /6AdJournalRichard WolkomirA High-Tech Attack on Traffic Jams Helps Motorists Go with the FlowSmithsonian171April198643-51}{{wjjjjj% {5AdBookHenry ShaferThe American Medical Profession 1873-1850Columbia University Press1936jjjddddddddII / 4AdMagazineAmerican Heritage of Invention and TechnologySpring198618 onXXQKCCCCCCCCC  p3AdThe Stamp Calendar 1986Penguin Books22222222222## )2AdBookThe World Almanac And Book Of FactsNew YorkNewspaper Enterprise Association Inc1984(50a) - 1986 editionkkeeeeeeee?5 ;1AdBookGeorge RosenA History Of Public HealthNew YorkMD Publications1958[[[UUUUUUUUD: ? 0TBookLewis Weeks, Howard BermanShapers Of American Health Care Policy1985ZZZTTTTTTTTTT,  /Medicine In Colonial Massachusetts 1620-1820Boston : The Colonial Society of MassachusettsPublication - Colonial Society of Massachusetts571980h88 i"0 f S A 5 8 \WAdBookWilliamsUnited States Public Health Source 1798-1950HHHHHHHHHHHHH VAdBookGarrisonHistory of Medicine3rd see (27)J44444444//// UAdBookGroup for the Advancement of PsychiatryHow Old Is Old Enough?New YorkBrunner Mazel1989pppjjjjjjjj[Q9 ? TAdBookNorman GevitzOther HealersJohns Hopkins1988CCC========.. / SAdBookSandra PanemThe AIDS BureaucracyHarvard University Press1988TTTNNNNNNNN44 / RAdBookRoderick E McGrewEncyclopedia of Medical HistoryLondonMacMillian Reference Books1985nnnhhhhhhhhLD# ? QAdBookKenneth LudmererLearning to HealNew YorkBasic BooksKKKKKKKKKKK>4" ?PAdBookMartin Kaufman (editor in chief)Dictionary of American Nursing BiographyNew YorkGreenwood Press1988}}}wwwwwwwwf\2 ? OAdBookCharles SnyderMassachusetts Eye and Ear InfirmaryBoston, MAThe Infirmary1984fff````````QE  ? NAdBookBarbara MeloshThe Physician's HandPhiladelphiaTemple University Press1982ccc]]]]]]]]D6  ? MAdBookJohn WoodwardTo Do the Sick No HarmLondonRoutledge and Kegan Paul1974___YYYYYYYY?7 ? LAdBookMartin KaufmanUniversity of Vermont College of MedicineHannover, New HampshireUniversity Press of New England1979dK  ? KAdBookMickey C SmithSmall ComfortNew YorkPraeger1985HHHBBBBBBBB9/  ? JAdBookJames T PattersonThe Dread DiseaseHarvard University Press1987VVVPPPPPPPP66# / IAdNewspaperTom LamotteJohn R Mannix 85th Birthday CelebrationJune 41987YYYSKKKKKKKKK" 0  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @          ! 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